太湖底泥表层中重金属污染评价

湖泊表层底泥是水体重金属污染物的重要宿体,随着太湖流域各城市的发展,排入太湖的重金属污染物不断增加,并在底泥中持续淤积。通过2014年至2015年对太湖底泥中砷、汞、铬、铅、镉、铜、锌含量的调查,初步评价了太湖底泥中重金属的污染和风险水平。     

太湖重点污染控制区综合治理方案研究

太湖流域是中国人口和城镇最为密集的经济发达地区,同时也是富营养化和生态破坏严重的大湖流域之一。太湖的水质污染目前已严重影响流域的可持续发展,并对人们的身体健康造成潜在危险。如何治理太湖、保护太湖已成为当地政府和科技人员的紧迫任务。笔者通过对太湖近15 a来水质发展趋势及污染物来源的分析,提出了太湖污染治理的重点污染控制区及相应的治理工程方案。      

引起太湖蓝藻爆发的其他重要因素的调查

太湖蓝藻事件曾一度引起社会各界的广泛关注.对蓝藻爆发迅猛的原因各有所异.但社会普遍关注的是一些常见因素,一些引起太湖蓝藻爆发事件的其他易被忽略的重要的因素还有待于调查.在此以农村层面为出发点.深入群众,通过在太湖及周边的南泉镇进行走访调查认为,引起太湖蓝藻爆发的4个易被忽略的重要因素是:坚固的太湖水泥湖堤、面污染源、产业结构变化和农民理念.在此向相关部门提出了在防止蓝藻、治理蓝藻方面的一些合理建议.     

江苏省水环境保护战略措施

文章对江苏境内的长江，淮河，京杭大运河及太湖等水质污染现状作了概述，并提出了水环境综合整治，苏南运河污染总量控制，太湖水环境整治工程“三大战役”，为主的水环境保护的对策措施。     

以浮游植物评价太湖春季水质污染及富营养化

通过太湖浮游植物群落生态学的研究 ,对太湖春季水质污染及富营养化进行总评及分区评价。就太湖总体而论 ,藻量均值达 2 88× 1 0 6个细胞 /L ,硅藻指数 1 1 0 ,污染指示种占 58 8% ,各样点多以蓝藻 (微囊藻为主 )占优势 ,其分布频度达 1 0 0 % ,多度达 6 5 5% ,表明太湖受到中等程度的污染。与过去同期太湖浮游植物的调查资料对比表明人为富营养化进程有所减缓。     

太湖地区农田氮素非点源污染及环境经济分析

通过计算1987～1988年和1995～1996年两个年段中氮素对太湖水体使用功能的污染损失率以及农田氮素对人太湖总氮的贡献率,求得农田氮素造成太湖的经济损失值。采用边际分析方法,分析农田氮素在1987～1996年间的边际外部成本。用环境经济学的观点重新认识农业生产函数中氮肥成本的内涵,即把外部成本考虑在内,在此基础上求得该地区农业持续发展的农田合理施氮水平——生态经济施氮量为327.82～371.61kg/(hm~2·a)。     

太湖流域必须重构生态平衡

编者按国务院治理太湖流域水污染第一战役"零点行动"结束之时,拉开了全面治理太湖流域的序幕。本文从太湖的历史、现实以及未来下笔,指出：全面治理太湖环境的根本出路,在于重新构建太湖流域的生态平衡。这无疑是一个跨世纪的多学科、多领域的重大课题,意义之深远、任务之艰巨都应引起社会各界的特别关注。经济的快速发展和人口剧增,使太湖流域的水环境已不堪重负。自80年代以来,太湖水质不断下降,尤其是富营养化日趋加剧,太湖水环境已经成为制约流域经济和社会发展的重要因素,将危及到东太湖,乃至整个太湖流域的可持续发展。这不…     

太湖洗衣粉排磷贡献率的研究

在太湖流域地区洗衣粉排磷量的基础上，结合太湖地区其它途径入湖磷量的资料分析，对太湖流域地区洗２衣粉排磷及入湖磷量的贡献率进行了分析。     

基于人工导流的太湖调水清污新思路

分析总结了太湖生态治理措施和方法,利用数值模拟方法建立太湖平面二维水动力、水质模型,根据东南风、西北风和东北风不同主导风组合下的计算结果,分析太湖流场变化规律和太湖湖区流线变化形态。基于人工导流,减少太湖无效闭合环流,提高太湖污染物置换率的考虑,提出一种新思路,在太湖内结合清淤、航道疏浚及景观美化工程建设导流堤,阻隔太湖在风力作用下形成无效的"死"循环系统,有组织地引导、控制水体流动,从而促进湖体的有序水循环,大幅度、高效地改善太湖调水清污效果。结果表明,在太湖配合引水工程修建导流堤,对促进太湖污染物置换有明显的改善作用,与原始工况相比,导流堤方案五对太湖污染物置换率的改善相对明显,污染物置换率有明显提高。     

太湖水质变化与经济发展关系研究—基于环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)方法

本文利用1979-2010年五项太湖水质指标时间序列数据,通过拟合太湖水质环境库兹涅茨曲线对太湖水质与经济发展之间关系进行了实证分析。研究结果表明:总磷、总氮和高锰酸钾指数与经济发展之间存在典型的倒"U"型曲线关系,叶绿素a和化学需氧量与经济发展之间的关系则可以用倒"N"型三次曲线的右半部分刻画。二十世纪末以来开展的一系列太湖流域污染治理措施对水质环境库兹涅茨曲线拐点的出现甚至提前起到很大的作用。     

Attempts to train goldfish to respond to magnetic field stimuli

Two different conditioning procedures, one appetitive and the other aversive, were used in separate attempts to demonstrate response to magnetic fields in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Our results lead us to question those of an orientation experiment by Becker, although we recognize the possibility that goldfish may be sensitive primarily to magnetic field direction rather than intensity and that their directional sensitivity may be evidenced most readily by orientation in the field.     

从生态旅游到低碳旅游——从理念到实践

阐述了生态旅游、低碳旅游的基本概念,分析了生态旅游存在的不足,提出低碳旅游的量化及建立各项标准及其指标评价体系并将之融入低碳旅游全过程以实现低碳旅游的标准化,重点在于实现低碳理念、低碳参与者及低碳实践3个方面的有机结合,以促进旅游业的可持续发展的可操作性建议.     

以学定教,提高课堂教学效率

根据心理学理论,学习是一个学生内化的过程,学生是自主学会的,而不是被动教会的。因此在教学中,教师只有做到以学定教,才能有效提高教学效率,促进学生对知识的掌握。     

如何做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应

应急监测是突发性环境污染事故处置中的首要环节,是对污染事故及时、正确地进行应急处理、减轻事故危害和制定恢复措施的根本依据。文章从制定应急监测预案、加强应急监测能力建设、摸清污染源状况、加强应急培训和应急演练等方面对做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应作了简要的阐述,供大家探讨。     

Croppers to livestock keepers: livelihood transitions to 2050 in Africa due to climate change

The impacts of climate change are expected to be generally detrimental for agriculture in many parts of Africa. Overall, warming and drying may reduce crop yields by 10–20% to 2050, but there are places where losses are likely to be much more severe. Increasing frequencies of heat stress, drought and flooding events will result in yet further deleterious effects on crop and livestock productivity. There will be places in the coming decades where the livelihood strategies of rural people may need to change, to preserve food security and provide income-generating options. These are likely to include areas of Africa that are already marginal for crop production; as these become increasingly marginal, then livestock may provide an alternative to cropping. We carried out some analysis to identify areas in sub-Saharan Africa where such transitions might occur. For the currently cropped areas (which already include the highland areas where cropping intensity may increase in the future), we estimated probabilities of failed seasons for current climate conditions, and compared these with estimates obtained for future climate conditions in 2050, using downscaled climate model output for a higher and a lower greenhouse-gas emission scenario. Transition zones can be identified where the increased probabilities of failed seasons may induce shifts from cropping to increased dependence on livestock. These zones are characterised in terms of existing agricultural system, current livestock densities, and levels of poverty. The analysis provides further evidence that climate change impacts in the marginal cropping lands may be severe, where poverty rates are already high. Results also suggest that those likely to be more affected are already more poor, on average. We discuss the implications of these results in a research-for-development targeting context that is likely to see the poor disproportionately and negatively affected by climate change.     

重归大自然——密西西比河之行

密西西比河是美国第一大河。它一路曲曲弯弯向着墨西哥湾蜿蜒流去．沿途形成广袤的洪泛平原,滋润着美国大陆41％的土地。水量也比美国其他河流都要多。密西西比河及其洪泛平原哺育着400多种野生动植物。北美地区40％的水禽都沿着密西西比河的路径迁徙。密西西比河对于美国。如同长江对于中国,无论从经济还是生物多样性保护等方面,其作用都是举足轻重。     

亲近自然的一条捷径——向你推荐《生物多样性知识达人手册》

"它随处可见,从最大的海洋到最小的水坑,从最茂密的森林到最干旱的荒漠,从最富饶的沼泽到最高的山峰……它是一个活的银行账户,为人类全部事业和财富提供资本.它是什么?它就是……生物多样性." 翻开《生物多样性知识达人手册》的第一页,在"开头的话"中,你就能读到上面这一段饶有趣味的文字,让你不自觉地联想到我们所处的环境和我们赖以生存的地球.没错,这是一本新鲜出炉的、以生物多样性为主题的读物,用生动有趣的方式告诉你,什么是生物多样性?生物多样性为什么重要?你怎样才能保护好这个星球的生物多样性?     

浅谈如何做好孩子的入学准备

从幼儿园升入小学是孩子迈入知识殿堂的关键一步,也是孩子人生的一大转折。如何协助家长和教师,帮助孩子顺利实现这次转折是非常重要的。基于此目的,结合多年从事幼小教育工作的实际,并根据教育部颁布的《幼儿园教育指导纲要》精神,紧扣学前儿童的心理和学习特点,阐述如何让孩子在各方面得到系统的锻炼和提高,为顺利升入理想的小学、并尽快适应小学阶段的学习和生活做好准备。     

Soil microbial response to herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola

Adoption of glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus L.) has increased glyphosate applications to this crop, and concerns have been raised about unintended consequences of these multiple applications. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of pre-seed and in-crop glyphosate and alternative herbicides on soil microbial community functional structure, diversity and biomass. Pre-seed treatments were 2,4-D, glyphosate and 2,4-D + glyphosate, and in-crop treatments were glyphosate applied once, glyphosate applied twice, ethalfluralin, ethalfluralin + sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron + clopyralid, and sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron. Rhizosphere and bulk soil was collected at flowering stage of canola and analyzed for bacterial community-level substrate utilization patterns and microbial biomass C (MBC). Where differences were significant, pre-seed application of both 2,4-D and glyphosate altered the functional structure and reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria, but increased MBC. These effects were not necessarily concurrent. The reduction in functional diversity was due to reduction in evenness, which means that the soil where both pre-seed herbicides had been applied was dominated by only few functional groups. In 1 year, two in-crop applications of glyphosate also reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria when applied after pre-seed 2,4-D, as did in-crop sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron following pre-seed glyphosate. Even though significant differences between herbicides were fewer than non-significant differences, i.e., there were no changes in soil microbial community structure, diversity or biomass in response to glyphosate or alternative herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola in most cases, the observed changes in soil microbial communities could affect soil food webs and biological processes.