对武汉市装修垃圾管理及处置的思考与建议

装修垃圾因其源头分散、成分复杂、与居民生活密切相关,长久以来是城市建筑垃圾监管中的难点。本文以武汉市为研究对象,通过调研明确了武汉市装修垃圾资源化处置的问题,主要包括装修垃圾来源及流向待有效追踪,资源化企业接收装修垃圾的积极性待提高。利用政策对比分析法,剖析了典型城市的装修垃圾监管政策,梳理了装修垃圾全过程监管政策措施。在此基础上构建了装修垃圾资源化政策框架,并对武汉市装修垃圾的处置利用提出了对策建议,具体包括:在源头实施装修垃圾投放管理责任人制度及深度分类模式、在中端推行电子联单管理制度、在末端加快处置能力建设。     

湖南省建筑垃圾资源化处置情况研究

本文对湖南省建筑垃圾产生量进行了估算和预测,对近年来全省建筑垃圾资源现状及存在的问题进行了研究,并提出了建筑垃圾资源化处置的建议。     

城市建筑垃圾的减量化、资源化和无害化处置技术

分析了我国现阶段城市建筑垃圾处置现状和隐患,介绍了城市建筑垃圾减量化、资源化和无害化处置技术和其重要性、必要性和可行性。     

浅谈城市生活垃圾的资源化处理

城市生活垃圾的资源化处理是人类实现可持续发展的重要途径之一,其发展趋势已不可阻挡。本文介绍了我国城市生活垃圾的产生和处置的基本情况,对我国城市生活垃圾资源化处理相关的问题进行了分析,提出了我国在处置城市生活垃圾方面的一些建议,希望具有一定的现实意义。     

餐厨垃圾资源化技术研究探析

餐厨垃圾成分复杂,不便于收集、运输、处置,以餐厨垃圾为原料进行资源化处置,即减少了污染物的排放,又获得了清洁能源,餐厨垃圾合理处置是目前亟待解决的环境问题。文章阐述了目前餐厨垃圾的处理现状及研究进展,介绍了餐厨垃圾的中处置技术:堆肥技术、制燃料酒精、制氢、制沼气以及提取生物降解性塑料的技术。从餐厨垃圾资源化和环境保护的角度出发,对目前存在的问题提出了处置对策及建议。     

城市建筑垃圾的资源化利用

随着建设项目的增多,建筑垃圾也日益增多。本文对建筑垃圾资源化利用进行了初步分析,重点通过对建筑垃圾的分类研究,提出我国建筑垃圾资源化存在问题及建议。     

建筑垃圾产量预测与时空特征研究:以南京江北新区为例

建筑垃圾的产量预测与时空特征分析是制定城市建筑垃圾资源化管理方案的重要参考依据。界定了建筑垃圾的定义与分类,提出基于情景分析的单位建筑面积建筑垃圾产量预测方法,并以南京市江北新区直管区为例,采集控制性详细规划、倾斜摄影地图、地形图、百度全景地图、年度在建施工项目与征收项目清单等基础资料,对江北新区直管区近期（2018年）与远期（2019—2030年）的拆建垃圾产量进行估算与分析;同时借助ArcGIS技术,采用核密度分析实现拆建垃圾空间分布的可视化与特征分析,为后续建筑垃圾资源化处置方案设计提供基础数据与决策依据。     

城市餐厨垃圾收集、运输、处理一体化模式的探讨

针对当前餐厨垃圾处理的现状,结合相关政策及措施,提出以采用收集、运输和处置一体化的模式策略,提高餐厨垃圾收运单位的积极性,同时终端处置企业可根据处置的需求对源头产生单位进行直接沟通协调,提高收运餐厨垃圾的质量,便于后续的资源化处置。     

上海市主要固体废物处置现状及未来展望

根据2006-2015年上海市固体废物污染环境防治信息资料,分析了上海市工业固体废物(含危险废物)、城市生活垃圾和建筑垃圾等主要固体废物的产生情况及处理处置现状。分析指出,近年来上海市固体废物产生量大,其中工业固体废物年产量约2 200万t,生活垃圾年产量约700万t,建筑垃圾(渣土)申报量已高达1.0亿t/a以上。从处理现状看,工业固体废物在各类固废中的综合利用率最高,高达95%以上;生活垃圾处置方式以卫生填埋和焚烧为主,无害化处理率100%,但其处置设施基本处于满负荷运行状态;建筑垃圾总体以回填和填埋为主,利用率较低。展望了未来城市固体废物处理前景,指出:为进一步提高上海市固体废物的处置能力和利用水平,宜加强危险废物的安全处置与全过程管理,加快生活垃圾的分类回收利用和处置设施能力建设,以及加大建筑垃圾的资源化利用力度。     

我国建筑废物的问题与出路分析

随着城市建筑垃圾产量暴增,大量建筑垃圾露天堆存严重阻碍城市的发展,怎样妥善处理日益增长的建筑垃圾已成为城市管理者需要应对的问题。本文因我国目前突出的"垃圾围城"问题而引发思考,明确了建筑垃圾定义及产生来源,通过对上海市建筑垃圾组分分析,认为建筑垃圾的出路在于资源化;同时通过与国外建筑垃圾资源化处理的已有经验比较,结合我国国内具体情况指出了我国建筑垃圾资源化过程中的问题,认为只有发挥政策的引导、技术的研发、资金的支持和规划的配合的共同作用,才能解决建筑垃圾出路问题。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.