旋流板塔镁强化石灰脱硫过程研究

以旋流板塔为吸收器进行镁强化石灰脱硫的实验研究,测定了脱硫率、浆液pH值等随时间的变化情况,考察了硫酸镁浓度的影响,并利用实验数据计算了石灰利用率.与单用石灰脱硫对比,添加硫酸镁可明显提高脱硫率;对具有2块板的旋流板塔,硫酸镁浓度为0.2mol/L时,脱硫率从45%提高到60%以上.为保证较高的脱硫率,pH值宜控制在6.0～7.5.由于硫酸镁能促进石灰的溶解,减缓pH值的下降,因此又可提高石灰利用率;适宜条件下,0.2mol/L硫酸镁强化时可提高石灰利用率5%(所加石灰为基准)以上.     

提高镁法烟气脱硫副产物氧化速率的实验研究

通过有机玻璃柱小试及放大实验,对影响镁法脱硫产物亚硫酸镁氧化制备硫酸镁过程中的因素进行了实验研究。试验结果表明:以金属硫酸盐制成的复合物为催化剂,在室温条件下,可以有效提高该过程的氧化效率,即催化剂浓度为0.008 mol/L,pH5~8,在反应时间为4 h,上清液中硫酸镁浓度由9.26%提高到25.75%。     

添加剂强化石灰石/石灰FGD过程的某些浆液特性

测定了不同浓度不同添加剂强化下的石灰石烟气脱硫浆液的固相沉降时间、上清液密度及滤饼固含量,实验结果表明:使用添加剂时,实验条件下滤饼固含量有所下降,但影响不大;浆液固相沉降时间的不同,可能与浆液中亚硫酸钙固相产物的含量及晶粒大小和晶型不同有关;添加剂不同,上清液密度也有差异.镁强化石灰脱硫浆液,沉降过程可分为快速沉降和慢速沉降两阶段;固相中亚硫酸钙的含量高则沉降速率较慢;与非强化石灰脱硫过程相比,滤饼固含量稍低.脱硫实验同时表明,使用添加剂有利于抑制设备结垢.      

烟气脱硫副产硫酸镁的体系相平衡研究

镁法脱硫技术可回收副产品,且经济效益高,具有良好的应用前景。通过等温溶解平衡法研究了镁法脱硫浆液生产七水硫酸镁过程中,浆液中Ca2+、Cl-等离子对蒸发、结晶的影响,分别绘制了25,35,45,55,65,75,85,95℃下四元交互体系Mg2+、Ca2+、SO2-4、Cl-—H2O的平衡相图。对相图的分析表明:七水硫酸镁结晶的最佳温度应控制在25³0℃;无论何种温度下蒸发都避不开CaSO4(CaSO4·2H2O)固相区,只能在进蒸发系统前降低Ca2+含量以防止换热管的结垢;Cl-的存在对蒸发以及结晶的影响不明显。     

动态沉降分离电石渣脱硫浆液中黑色悬浮物质的实验研究

电石渣脱硫浆液中存在沉降速率低于二水硫酸钙的黑色悬浮物质,严重影响脱硫石膏真空过滤,在浆液沉降装置中,对动态沉降分离电石渣脱硫浆液中的黑色悬浮物质进行了实验研究,研究表明:搅拌转速在30～70 r/min,可实现电石渣脱硫浆液动态沉降分层,搅拌转速为60 r/min时,浆液分层最佳;虹吸分离上层黑色悬浮液,黑色物质去除率可达到70%,在相同的过滤工艺条件下,浆液过滤后滤饼含水率可降低3%～5%;浆液中黑色物质含量低于3 g/L时,进一步降低浆液中黑色物质的含量,对提高浆液脱水性能作用不大,甚至可以忽略不计。     

大唐鲁北发电公司脱硫副产品回收利用研究

氧化镁湿法脱硫技术相比其他烟气脱硫技术具有独特的技术优势,但其脱硫副产品一直无法得到合理的回收利用,制约了该脱硫技术的广泛推广。目前,大部分采用该技术的企业选择将副产品直接丢弃,无法为企业创造利润,同时也造成环境污染。根据公司现状,研究合适的脱硫副产品氧化制硫酸镁工艺流程,不仅可以为企业创造可观的经济效益,也降低了溶液中的COD含量,对吸收塔、浆液循环泵等设备的磨损也将大大降低。     

无机添加剂改性对赤泥脱硫的影响

近年来国家对相关行业SO_2排放政策、标准日趋严格,要求污染物超低排放。碱性固废赤泥脱除烟气中的SO_2是以废治废、经济可行的方法,同时,加入添加剂可以提高烟气脱硫的效果,降低烟气脱硫成本。该研究以赤泥浆液为吸收剂脱除石油焦煅烧烟气中的SO_2,添加无机添加剂改性赤泥浆液,提高脱硫效果。结果表明:赤泥浆液添加二氧化锰改性后脱硫效果最好,碘化钾次之,硫酸镁和硝酸铁脱硫效果较差。二氧化锰改性赤泥浆液脱硫的优化反应条件为:二氧化锰添加量为15 mmol/L,反应温度为60℃,烟气SO_2浓度为1 000 mg/m~3,烟气氧含量为20%。二氧化锰改性赤泥浆液提高脱硫效率机理为:二氧化锰可与SO_2直接发生氧化还原反应,溶出的锰离子对SO_2具有催化氧化作用,并且赤泥溶出的铁离子和锰离子具有协同催化氧化作用,从而提高赤泥浆液的脱硫效率。因此,二氧化锰改性赤泥脱硫是切实有效的方法,可为改性赤泥脱硫的推广应用提供参考。     

煤浆催化氧化法烟气脱硫研究

基于液相催化氧化原理,以煤浆做洗涤介质进行烟气脱硫。此法起催化作用的Fe2+/Fe3+离子通过SO2、O2和煤中的黄铁矿作用而现场产生。实验过程控制模拟烟气中的SO2摩尔分率和O2浓度范围分别为760×10-6￣3200×10-6和3%￣20%。实验表明,反应温度约在40℃以上时,脱硫率即达90%以上。二氧化硫浓度增大,脱硫率呈下降趋势,与石灰/石灰石脱硫过程类似。在实验范围内,pH值和氧气浓度对脱硫率基本没有影响,实际烟气中的O2浓度完全满足催化氧化反应的需要。随烟气脱硫过程的进行,脱硫浆液中的总铁含量不断增加,说明煤中黄铁矿被不断浸出,故此法在脱除烟气中的二氧化硫的同时也降低了煤中的黄铁矿硫。     

300MW机组镁法脱硫浆液制备箱工艺设计计算

氧化镁湿法烟气脱硫技术已在许多企业开始推广应用,氧化镁浆液制备是镁法脱硫的一个重要操作单元,其关健设备为浆液制备箱,本文以300MW机组镁法脱硫工程为例,简述浆液制备箱物料热量衡算及设备工艺计算,为脱硫设计提供参考.     

NO/SO_2臭氧协同氧化与吸收特性的实验研究

为研究燃煤烟气中NO/SO_2协同高效脱除方法,某热电厂通过现场实验研究了O3对烟气中NO、SO_2的选择性氧化规律以及脱硫浆液、半干法循环脱硫灰对氧化产物的吸收效能。结果表明:烟气中NO、SO_2同时存在时,烟气中的O3优先氧化NO,当O3过量30%时,SO_2氧化率可达到42%;实际湿法脱硫循环浆液对混合烟气中SO_2吸收率达到近100%,对NOx(x>1)最大吸收率仅为42%;含水量1)最大吸收率仅为30%,且吸收剂在218s后即丧失脱除效能;含水量为15%的半干法脱硫灰对混合烟气中SO_2吸收率达到100%,对NOx(x>1)最大吸收率为75%,吸收剂脱除效果良好且具备长时间稳定脱除效果。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.