废弃红砖微粉填料制备环保乳胶漆及其性能研究

研究了利用废弃红砖生产环保乳胶漆的制备方法,通过正交试验分析了乳液种类、乳液含量、醇酯十二含量、丙二醇含量和增稠剂含量对环保乳胶漆性能的影响.结果表明,废弃红砖微粉与苯丙乳液有较好的相容性,当乳液含量为25%~30%,醇酯十二0.4%~1.2%,丙二醇3.00%~3.75%,增稠剂1‰~1.5‰时,砖质环保乳胶漆产品低温稳定性良好,可成完全悬浮状态,表干时间小于30min,摆杆阻尼次数可达103次,附着力等级大于5,这为建筑废物资源化提供新的途径.     

南昌市生活垃圾卫生填埋生命周期评价

卫生填埋法是当前我国处理城市生活垃圾的主要方式,依据生命周期评价理论及分析框架,借助eFootprint软件对南昌市卫生填埋法处理城市生活垃圾进行生命周期分析以期找出各处理过程的突出环境影响及原因并提出针对性改善建议.结果表明：卫生填埋法处理城市生活垃圾的主要环境影响类型为全球变暖（GWP）、初级能源消耗（PED）、水资源消耗（WU）、酸化（AP）、光化学臭氧合成（POFP）、生态毒性（ET）、淡水富营养化（FEP）;电力盈余作为副产品参与分配使得各环境影响类型指标潜值减小,其中最突出的是PED,其次是WU;收集运输过程最突出的环境影响类型为POFP,其次依次为ET、PED、FEP,该过程应减少柴油运输车使用,适量引用节能环保或清洁能源汽车;卫生填埋过程在垃圾处理各过程中产生的环境污染最大,该过程最突出的环境问题是AP,其次是GWP,再者是PED、FEP、ET,该过程应改善工艺以提升填埋气收集效率,采用清洁能源减少柴油使用;填埋气发电过程因填埋气发电产生盈余电力,实现能量回收后对环境的正效益,该过程应提升填埋气收集以及燃烧发电效率;渗滤液处理过程的环境影响较小,主要表现为WU和FED,需在注重节能的同时优化升级处理工艺,改善当前处置工艺存在的弊端并排除隐患.     

Heavy duty vehicles: Impact on the environment and the path to green operation

The increase in the number of heavy duty vehicles (HDV) is inherently accompanied by increase in congestion, pollutant emissions and energy use as well as infrastructure overuse, all of which have broad societal implications. In addition to affecting the environment, contributing markedly to global warming, significant implications for the health of many residents living along traffic corridors as well as increases in the cost of infrastructure maintenance are logical consequences. In this interdisciplinary work a holistic approach is presented for the assessment of the combined effects of HDV employing pollutant emissions, noise and dynamic load of vehicles as criteria. Results show that vehicles that are environmentally friendly due to their pollutant emissions are not necessarily environmentally friendly when their noise emissions are considered. Each relevant parameter has to be assessed individually. Using a proposed model, the parameters are combined to obtain a holistic impression of the vehicles’ total environmental footprint. This information can be used by policy makers to introduce a bonus/malus system that would encourage vehicles with a total low environmental footprint using the “polluter/user pays” principle.     

Global warming potential factors and warming payback time as climate indicators of forest biomass use

A method is presented for estimating the global warming impact of forest biomass life cycles with respect to their functionally equivalent alternatives based on fossil fuels and non-renewable material sources. In the method, absolute global warming potentials (AGWP) of both the temporary carbon (C) debt of forest biomass stock and the C credit of the biomass use cycle displacing the fossil and non-renewable alternative are estimated as a function of the time frame of climate change mitigation. Dimensionless global warming potential (GWP) factors, GWP_bio and GWP_biouse, are derived. As numerical examples, 1) bioenergy from boreal forest harvest residues to displace fossil fuels and 2) the use of wood for material substitution are considered. The GWP-based indicator leads to longer payback times, i.e. the time frame needed for the biomass option to be superior to its fossil-based alternative, than when just the cumulative balance of biogenic and fossil C stocks is considered. The warming payback time increases substantially with the residue diameter and low displacement factor (DF) of fossil C emissions. For the 35-cm stumps, the payback time appears to be more than 100 years in the climate conditions of Southern Finland when DF is lower than 0.5 in instant use and lower than 0.6 in continuous stump use. Wood use for construction appears to be more beneficial because, in addition to displaced emissions due to by-product bioenergy and material substitution, a significant part of round wood is sequestered into wood products for a long period, and even a zero payback time would be attainable with reasonable DFs.     

基于质能流评估的餐厨垃圾热解自供能特性研究

餐厨垃圾具有成分复杂、含水率高的特点,热解处理法虽可实现餐厨垃圾的快速、无害化减量和能源资源回用,但其处理过程依赖外部能量输入,处理过程的能量平衡问题不容忽视。为全面探究餐厨垃圾热解系统能量流分布,研究提出了热解产物燃烧回用思路,聚焦系统自供能特性,开展固定床热解实验,考察不同含水率的餐厨垃圾在不同热解温度下的产物分布,并计算理论热值,结合TG-DSC分析确定原料热解理论耗能,建立了系统自供能特性指标(ERPC),计算系统的能量产生与消耗比,判断餐厨垃圾热解自供能的运行条件。结果表明:热解温度由400 ℃升至800 ℃,餐厨垃圾热解固体产物产率降低,气体产率提高,热解油产率呈现先增后减的趋势,并在500 ℃时达到最高。通过产物热值分析,过高的热解温度和含水率降低了餐厨垃圾热解产物的总能量。当三相热解产物全部燃烧回用时,为实现系统自供能餐厨垃圾含水率不得低于40%,热解温度不得高于500 ℃。当将油、气两相产物燃烧回用时,为实现系统自供能,热解温度须不超过600 ℃,含水率不超过10%。只燃烧热解气在所有条件下均无法实现系统自供能。     

秸秆及配施工农业废弃物对茉莉种植园碳排放的影响

废弃物的农业资源化是当前研究的热点之一,但将其应用于环境效应评价还鲜见报道.通过实验测定,探讨了秸秆及秸秆分别配施石膏渣、生物炭、炉渣对福州茉莉园碳排放及其综合增温潜势的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,施加秸秆CH_4排放通量提高了20.05%;与秸秆处理相比,秸秆配施石膏渣和秸秆配施生物炭不同程度地提高了CH_4排放通量,而秸秆配施炉渣的CH_4排放通量则有所降低.与对照相比,施加秸秆CO_2排放通量提高了30.45%;与秸秆处理相比,秸秆配施石膏渣提高了CO_2排放通量,而秸秆配施生物炭和秸秆配施炉渣的CO_2排放通量均有所降低.CO_2对茉莉园碳排放和综合增温潜势贡献较大,碳排放和综合增温潜势均表现为秸秆配施石膏渣秸秆秸秆配施生物炭秸秆配施炉渣对照,秸秆处理的碳排放和增温潜势较对照分别提高了30.42%和30.18%,秸秆配施石膏渣较秸秆处理提高了碳排放和综合增温潜势,而秸秆配施生物炭和秸秆配施炉渣的碳排放和综合增温潜势均有所降低.从温室气体综合增温潜势来看,秸秆配施生物炭或炉渣可作为茉莉园固碳减排的有效配套措施.     

水泥窑协同处置工业废弃物的生命周期评价

以废白土、废催化剂和污染土壤等工业废弃物为研究对象,运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,对水泥窑协同处置废弃物的环境影响进行评价.通过建立生产过程输入、输出清单,从全球变暖潜值、资源消耗潜值、人体毒性潜值等方面,基于Gabi5.0软件进行建模与计算,对水泥窑常规生产工艺与协同处置工业废弃物工艺产生的环境影响进行比较.结果表明:功能单位(1 t)水泥的生产过程中,常规生产工艺和协同处置工艺的环境影响潜值分别为5.78×10~(-11)和5.61×10~(-11),协同处置工艺使得全生命周期环境影响潜值降低了2.94%;水泥生产过程最主要的环境影响是全球变暖和人体毒性,其中,协同处置工艺下这两种环境影响分别降低了0.80%和1.80%,资源消耗相比常规生产降低了11.1%;从全生命周期看,水泥生产中熟料煅烧阶段对环境的影响最大,协同处置工艺下熟料煅烧阶段的环境影响相比常规生产降低了8.0%.协同处置工艺相比常规生产工艺有更好的环境效益.     

热分析-质谱联用分析生物垃圾热解机理

采用热分析-质谱联用技术研究了城市生活垃圾中三种生物质成分的热解过程,并采用Freeman-Carroll法定量分析了三种生物质热重动力学参数。结果表明木屑、落叶和菜叶这类生物质热解过程分为三个阶段,先是水分析出的微小失重阶段,之后是因纤维素等大分子进行交联缩聚的快速热解阶段,表现为放热效应,逸出的气体主要有H2O、CO2、C2H6/C2H4和CH4,最后是吸热脱链解聚的缓慢热解过程,逸出的小分子气体主要有CO2。     

旋转锥式闪速热解生物质试验研究

利用旋转锥式闪速热解装置,对生物质进行了闪速热解试验研究。生物质是一种可再生的能源,在无氧或有限氧气供给的条件下热解为液体、固体、气体3种燃料产品。介绍了以旋转锥式反应器为核心的闪速热解液化设备、工艺参数及产物特性,并根据此结果对比了常规热解、快速热解、闪速热解的生物油典型数据,为生物质废弃物的有效清洁利用及可再生能源的生产探索了新的途径。     

Life-cycle assessment of four types of floor covering

Four types of floor covering have been investigated with respect to their environmental impact: linoleum, cushion vinyl, tufted carpet with a woollen pile and tufted carpet with a polyamide pile. The analysis relates to all stages in the life-cycle (from ‘cradle to grave’) and focuses on floor coverings for domestic use. The analysis is performed by means of the method for life-cycle assessment (Dutch approach). Each floor covering is assessed with regard to its environmental impact. This impact can be of various type: depletion of raw materials, cumulative energy requirement, global warming, acidification, tropospheric ozone creation, stratospheric ozone depletion, eutrophication, production of waste and human health. The inventory of environmental interventions (materials, energy requirements, waste and emissions to air, water and soil) was fairly complete. Most interventions relating to the processes that make up the life-cycle of the floor coverings in question could be quantified. A large part of the data is associated with the process energy requirement. In general these data are quite reliable. The results of the impact assessment for linoleum differs considerably from those for other types of floor coverings. Linoleum turns out to be the most environmentally favourable floor covering. It was not possible to differentiate between the environmental impact of cushion vinyl, tufted carpet with a woollen pile and tufted carpet with a polyamide pile.     

An environmental evaluation of geopolymer based concrete production: reviewing current research trends

In this study we carry out a detailed environmental evaluation of geopolymer concrete production using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The literature shows that the production of most standard types of geopolymer concrete has a slightly lower impact on global warming than standard Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. Whilst our results confirm this they also show that the production of geopolymer concrete has a higher environmental impact regarding other impact categories than global warming. This is due to the heavy effects of the production of the sodium silicate solution. Geopolymer concrete made from fly ashes or granulated blast furnace slags based require less of the sodium silicate solution in order to be activated. They therefore have a lower environmental impact than geopolymer concrete made from pure metakaolin. However, when the production of fly ashes and granulated blast furnace slags is taken into account during the life cycle assessment (using either an economic or a mass allocation procedure), it appears that geopolymer concrete has a similar impact on global warming than standard concrete. This study highlights that future research and development in the field of geopolymer concrete technology should focus on two potential solutions. First of all the use of industrial waste that is not recyclable within other industries and secondly on the production of geopolymer concrete using a mix of blast furnace slag and activated clays. Furthermore geopolymer concrete production would gain from using waste material with a suitable Si/Al molar ratio in order to minimise the amount of sodium silicate solution used. Finally, by taking into account mix-design technology, which has already been developed for OPC concrete, the amount of binder required to produce a geopolymer concrete could be reduced.     

多级厌氧系统处理阿卡波糖废渣的中试

阿卡波糖在生产过程中产生大量发酵废渣，目前采用焚烧法进行处理成本高昂，亟须一种环保低廉的处理方法。采用多级厌氧系统对阿卡波糖废渣进行处理，进料负荷达到4.173 kg/（m3·d）时，多级厌氧系统平均总产气量为390.4 m3/d，出料平均可溶性COD为8946 mg/L，系统可将废渣中残余的菌丝体降解完全，废渣固体质量去除率达到52.9%，废渣中残留的阿卡波糖由初始的0.361 mg/g（干渣）下降至0.027 mg/g（干渣），药物残留去除率达到92.5%。且厌氧出料的腐殖化程度大幅提高，实现了对阿卡波糖废渣的减量化和无害化处理。     

基于生命周期评价的城市固体废弃物处理模式研究进展

通过回顾2003-2010年国内外不同城市固体废弃物管理体系生命周期评价结果,列举比较了不同固体废弃物处理模式下的全球变暖潜力、酸化潜力和净能源效用等影响评价因子的大小,得出城市固体废弃物处理模式环境影响等级:填埋的环境影响潜值最大,焚烧的环境影响潜值小于填埋,而结合堆肥后环境影响潜值降低;此外,将固体废弃物资源化引入到处理模式后,特别是垃圾源头分类回收后,环境影响潜值大大降低。结合我国城市固体废弃物处理现状,提出单一的处理模式应转变为综合处理模式,多种生活垃圾处理方式适当的有机结合,因地制宜地开展固体废弃物资源化管理,以及餐厨垃圾源头分类收集处理等建议,为政府能有效利用城市固体废弃物处理设施的能力提供参考。     

A new gasification and melting incineration process of MSW with co-current shaft furnace

In all the municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal technology, incineration with gasification and melting has been taken as a environmentally sound and zero emission technology owing to avoiding second-pollution of heavy metals and dioxin. In this background, a new direct gasification and melting incineration process with co-current shaft furnace is put forward. In this process, MSW and combustion-supporting air are co-current from top to bottom in a shaft furnace. Fuel gas from pyrolysis and gasification burns completely in the bottom in order to offer energy for slag melting. The simulation experiment of the co-current shaft furnace has been done. The results of simulation experiment show that the temperature on the condition of co-current is much higher than on the condition of countercurrent at the bottom of reaction tube and so is the CO₂ quantity discharged from reaction tube. It can be concluded that the co-current shaft furnace is more suitable for direct gasification and melting incineration process.     

堆肥在土壤修复与质量提升的应用现状与展望

堆肥作为一种经济有效、环境友好的技术手段,通过生物强化将垃圾有机质转变为富含多种功能基团的大分子胡敏酸类的产品,可修复和改善土壤质量,将垃圾中的有效资源最大程度循环固定回土壤中,有效解决我国耕地超负荷种植、有机质持续下降等突出矛盾。对目前国内外利用堆肥在土壤修复与质量提升方面的研究进行了综述,对常见土壤污染类型如重金属污染、盐污染和有机氯农药污染的修复以及土壤碳库质量的提升和全球碳循环进行了详细讨论,并展望堆肥应用的未来,以期对今后有机垃圾处理—胡敏酸类物质工程应用—土壤修复与质量提升全链条深入研究,土壤修复与质量提升技术的理论依据和促进实际应用的发展提供参考。     

Degradation of sericin (degumming) of Persian silk by ultrasound and enzymes as a cleaner and environmentally friendly process

Degumming is a surface modification process of natural fibers such as silk. In this paper, the feasibility of degumming with ultrasonic, ultrasonic–soap, and ultrasonic–enzyme (alcalase, savinase, and mixtures of these enzymes) processes as cleaner and environmentally friendly surface modification techniques of Persian silk were investigated. The effectiveness of parameters such as sonication time, soap, ultrasound–enzyme, enzyme concentration, degumming time and enzymes mixture on silk degumming were studied. The evaluation of the data was carried out through the measurement of the weight loss, strength, and elongation of the samples. In addition, the enzymatic treatment improved the properties of silk yarn such as strength and elongation. The scanning electron microscope images were obtained for degummed silk samples. The findings of this research support the potential production of new environmentally friendly textile fibers.     

等离子体热解气化有机废弃物制氢的关键技术分析

等离子体热解气化有机固体废物制氢是一种先进高效的废物处理及资源化利用技术.首先,本文讨论了等离子体热解气化有机废弃物的机理,也概括了等离子体发生器的类型及其特点,其次分析了等离子体处理固体废弃物的影响因素,认为输入功率和载气类型等是影响等离子体处理的主要因素,最后总结了等离子体处理医疗垃圾、农林生物质、污泥等的应用现状与前景,指出等离子体热解气化固体废弃物是一种很有潜力的制氢方法.     

A cleaner production method for the synthesis of bronopol – A bactericide that is useful in leather making

In leather industry environmental concern has been growing since 1980s. Increasing levels of pollutant emissions have reached saturation point in spite of the conventional technology that highly industrial countries have adopted to keep them under control. This has started a technology revolution in several industries. These critical levels of pollution may have been caused by high industrial density, by high population density or by the use of old polluting technology. This situation has boosted emerging green technology which has begun to take up a larger portion of research work in the supply and raw materials in industries. Together with consumers growing awareness of the environment, this new technology has ended up affecting the consumer good industry. In leather industry due to the sector's bad public image regarding pollution more emphasis has been given to clean technologies and waste reduction. At this time nearly every part of the tanning process has several cleaner or environmentally friendlier alternatives. In leather industry to prevent damage to the hide and skin, bactericide is added during soaking process to kill the growth of microorganism. Bronopol is used as a bactericide. The active ingredient of bronopol is 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol. Here we have reported simple and cleaner technology of the bronopol by using nontoxic and non-hazardous raw materials and belongs to the modern concept of environmentally friendly low waste or nonwaste technology. Bronopol was characterized by IR and Mass spectral data.     

生活垃圾低温热解过程二噁英控制试验

针对垃圾热解烟气中二噁英排放不达标的现象,在分析垃圾热解机理及二噁英产生机制的基础上,提出了定量供氧、分层控制二噁英的方法;并采用数值分析和试验测试相结合的方法,对炉内气流组织及垃圾热解过程进行模拟分析。结果表明：热解炉内部气流整体分布较为均匀,能够保证垃圾稳定热解。热解炉沿轴向方向上存在温度分层,与理论分析结果一致,但燃烧层与热解层之间的过渡层存在二噁英合成气氛;热解炉温度实测结果与模拟结果整体吻合较好;空气过剩系数为0.3时热解炉运行情况更有利于减少二噁英的产生。现场试验发现,热解炉出口烟气中除颗粒物浓度超标外,其余常规污染物及二噁英排放浓度均满足GB 18485—2014《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》;而市面上常见炉型二噁英出口浓度为0.44 ng-TEQ/m³,超过GB 18485—2014限值0.1 ng-TEQ/m³;2种炉型试验结果对比证明,在热解炉布气均匀的基础上,通过定量供氧、分层控制的方法可以有效抑制烟气中二噁英的生成。该成果可为生活垃圾低温热解过程二噁英的控制提供理论参考。     

废气生物处理微生物学研究进展

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