镣夏邦马峰北坡达索普冰川区冰,雪,河水的化学特征

１９９７－０９－１９９７－１０间在 区达索普冰川采集的４类水样（表层雪、同河水和河水）的实一区各类水体ＰＨ值的大小顺序为：河水〉冰面河水〉冰塔冰〉表层雪，表层雪和冰面不所测的阴离子中以ＮＯ３为最大，而冰塔冰高档商品吕以Ｃｌ最大；阳离子总量升高而增大，表层雪的电导率，Ｎａ、Ｃｌ＾－、所测的阴、阳离子总量和ＳＯ４＾２－与海拔高度都有较好的相关关系，随着海拔高度上升而上升。     

希夏邦马峰北坡达索普冰川区冰、雪、河水的化学特征

１９９７－０９～１９９７－１０间在希峰地区达索普冰川采集的４类水样（表层雪、冰塔冰、冰面河水和河水）的实测资料表明,本区各类水体ｐＨ值的大小顺序为：河水＞冰面河水＞冰塔冰＞表层雪．表层雪和冰面河水所测的阴离子中以ＮＯ－３为最大,而冰塔冰样品以Ｃｌ－最大;阳离子含量基本上以Ｃａ２＋为主．ＳＯ２－４、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、电导率和ｐＨ值都与所测的阴、阳离子总量有较好的相关关系,随所测的阴、阳离子总量升高而增大．表层雪的电导率、Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－、所测的阴、阳离子总量和ＳＯ２－４与海拔高度都有较好的相关关系,随着海拔高度上升而上升．     

天然湖水表面微层砷形态分析

采用玻璃板表面微层水样器采集表面微层湖水,利用高效相色谱－氢化物发生－原子吸收联用技术测定水样中亚砷酸盐,砷酸盐,－甲基胂酸盐（ＭＭＡ）和二甲基胂酸盐（ＤＭＡ）含量,并和相应表层湖水（水面下的０．５ｍ）中相同４种不砷形态含量对比,结果表明,４种砷形态在湖水表面微层和表层中的含量分布有较大差异,表面微层水中的含量通常高于表层水,它们在湖水表面微层中具有一定的富集现象,富集倍数分别为Ａｓ（Ⅲ）１．６６     

几种物质磷形态的生物有效性模拟研究

研究了无磷ＨＢ－４培养液中添加７种物质磷形态磷酸二氢钾,焦磷酸钠,六偏磷酸钠,磷酸肌酸钠,三磷腺酸苷（ＡＴＰ）,β－甘油磷酸钠和５‘－腺嘌呤核苷磷酸（ＡＭＰ）４个浓度系列时羊角月芽藻的生长情况,获得了各物质磷形态下藻的最大生长量与生长速率。结果表明：ＡＴＰ与六偏磷酸钠具有独特的生物效应,同时获得羊角月芽藻的生长与７种磷形态的相关方程,进行了太湖湖水中各物质磷形态的添加试验,发现ＡＴＰ及焦磷酸钠对藻     

雨季玉龙雪山白水1号冰川表层雪中无机离子特征及环境意义

分析了玉龙雪山白水1号冰川雨季(5-10月)表层雪中无机离子的组成和特征,并与其他高海拔地区湿沉降进行对比。结果表明:白水1号冰川表层雪一定程度上受到了人类活动的影响;由于雨季强烈的淋溶作用,表层雪SO₄^2-含量较低,酸度的主要贡献离子是NO₃^-;pH值较高的原因是碱性金属离子的中和作用;海盐示踪结果显示雨季表层雪中离子来源主要以海源为主。在6-9月之间由于降水的淋洗作用,表层雪中离子浓度较低。表层雪中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺高于大多数其他高海拔区域降水,是表层雪中无机离子浓度的主要贡献者,Ca²⁺浓度较高说明该地区高空水汽也受到了局地岩石岩性的强烈影响。     

载体对镍基氨还原SO-2到元素硫催化剂性能的影响

用不同的载体（ＭｇＯ，α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３，γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＭｇＡｌ２Ｏ４）制备了４种镍基催化剂并对它们进行了氨还原ＳＯ２到元素硫反应活性评价。活性评价结果表明，由不同的载体制备的催化剂对该反应ＳＯ２的转化率和生成元素硫产率大小的影响次序均为：ＮｉＯ／ＭｇＯ〉ＮｉＯ／ＭｇＡｌ２Ｏ４〉ＮｉＯ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３〉ＮｉＯ／α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３；而对生成硫选择性大小的影响次序则为：ＮｉＯ／ＭｇＯ〉ＮｉＯ／α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３     

深圳福田红树林对重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd的吸收,累积与循环

研究了污水处理下红树林对Ｃｕ、Ｂｐ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ４种重金属元素的吸收、累积、分布循环结果表明，林地表层土壤４种元素的储量关系为Ｚｎ〉Ｐｂ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｃｄ；对土壤中４种重金属富集能力的大小依次为桐花树〉秋茄〉白骨壤。该群落中Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ的现存累积量分别为１４１．７９６、４５５．９６７、１２２０．２２４和９．４９３ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，年吸收量分别２为１８．９８、１６．４３、８９．１９和０．３９ｍｇ／ｍ＾     

富营养浅水湖泊中新发现的磷化氢

以富营养化湖泊太湖和南京乌龙潭为研究对象,采用气液两相平衡法,配合柱前2次冷阱富集和GC/NPD法,分析了原始湖水和经过0.45靘滤膜处理的湖水,均检测到了磷化氢.原始湖水比经过0.45靘滤膜过滤的湖水中的磷化氢含量高2~14倍.表层湖水与底层湖水中磷化氢的含量变化趋势一致,且磷化氢浓度相差不大.太湖,乌龙潭中微量磷化氢的发现,对湖泊水体中磷循环的深入研究和水体富营化的防治具有积极的现实意义.     

红枫湖水体中磷的时空分布研究

研究了红枫湖水体中磷的时空分布规律及特征,并对红枫湖水体中氮磷比值进行了分析。研究表明:(1)红枫湖水体底层、中层和表层各形态磷浓度枯水期最大,丰水期最小;(2)红枫湖表层水体磷主要形态为溶解态磷,底层主要为悬浮态磷,总磷和溶解态磷浓度垂直分布均呈底层中层表层规律;(3)湖区水体总磷水平分布极为不均,南湖高于北湖,水平分布趋势从高到低与水流方向基本一致;(4)红枫湖水体N/P比值在1 6.3~665之间,平均为100.7,磷为富营养化主要限制性因子。     

硝基芳烃化合物诱发细胞微核的比较研究

利用蚕豆根法细胞和人在淋巴细胞的微核试验对６种硝基芳烃化合物的致突变性进行比较研究，结果表明，邻二硝基苯、间二硝基苯、２，４－二硝基甲苯，２，６－二硝基甲苯，对硝基氯苯和对硝基溴苯均能诱发两咱细胞的微核率增加，除了对硝基溴苯外均具有明显剂量一效应关系。引进标准剂量概念比较５种硝基芳烃人合物的致突变性，结果表明，致突变性强弱依次为２，４－二硝基甲苯〉对硝基氯苯〉间二硝基苯〉２，６－二硝基甲苯〉邻二硝     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.