硫磺和黄铁矿为填料的生物滤池自养反硝化强化处理二沉尾水

采用硫自养反硝化工艺处理模拟污水厂二沉尾水,分别以硫磺/白云石、黄铁矿/白云石为填料,考察不同填料下生物滤池的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,在HRT(水力停留时间)为1 h的条件下,硫磺/白云石反应器在10 d内能迅速启动,出水ρ(NO₃--N)小于1.00 mg/L,去除率高达99%,反应器的最佳实际HRT为45 min.进水中的DO对硫磺/白云石反应器反硝化效果没有明显影响,但会对黄铁矿/白云石反应器的反硝化效果产生影响.去除进水中的DO后,在HRT为4 d下,黄铁矿/白云石反应器出水NO₃--N和TP的质量浓度分别为10.31和0.10 mg/L,其去除率分别为67.2%和90.7%.采用高速水流反冲洗后,两个反应器的脱氮效果均能在2 d内迅速恢复.在12 ℃的低温条件下,硫磺/白云石和黄铁矿/白云石反应器的处理效果均变化不大.去除一定量的NO₃--N时,硫磺/白云石反应器的SO₄2-生成量与理论值相符合,黄铁矿/白云石反应器的略高于理论值.研究显示,硫磺/白云石体系可有效去除二沉尾水中的NO₃--N,而黄铁矿/白云石体系具有同时脱氮除磷的功能.      

异养与硫自养反硝化协同处理高硝氮废水特性研究

在异养反硝化反应器中添加单质硫,实现硫自养与异养反硝化联合处理NO_3~-废水,探讨异养和硫自养反硝化协同过程中的p H恒定及污泥减量化的特性.结果表明,硫自养反硝化菌在异养反硝化反应器内能够实现快速生长.经过65d的运行,控制进水TOC/N为0.65~0.75时,协同反硝化在无额外碱添加的情况下,厌氧反硝化产生的碱度满足自养反硝化的需求;运行至116d时,协同反硝化的总氮去除率为85%以上,脱氮效能稳定在2.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).通过与完全异养反硝化相比,协同反硝化的污泥产量仅为完全异养反硝化的60%,极大地降低了污泥产量.但是利用协同自养反硝化处理高浓度NO_3~--N废水时,存在NO_2~--N累积的现象,即使是最终稳定期也有20 mg·L~(-1),需进行深度处理.     

硫自养反硝化处理高含氟光伏废水可行性

为了研究硫自养反硝化处理高含氟光伏废水的可行性,室温(20~25℃)下,采用驯化后的硫自养反硝化生物膜反应器,探究了不同进水F-浓度对硫自养反硝化脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,当进水F-浓度为0~700 mg·L~(-1)时,随着F-浓度的提升,反应器的脱氮效能逐渐提升,且当F-浓度为700 mg·L~(-1)时,可获最大TN去除速率1.0 kg·(m3·d)-1.当进水F-浓度在700~900 mg·L~(-1)时,经短期驯化,TN去除速率可稳定在0.81~0.87 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).当进水F-浓度提升至900 mg·L~(-1)以上时,反应器的TN去除速率随进水F-浓度的提升而下降,最低至0.4~0.5 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).以光伏废水为研究对象,在进水F-浓度为800 mg·L~(-1)左右,进水NO_3~--N浓度为390~420 mg·L~(-1),HRT为8.8 h的条件下,经50 d运行后,获得稳定的脱氮效能,TN去除速率为1.1 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),出水TN为15~25 mg·L~(-1),达到污水接管排放标准.采用传统反硝化工艺和硫自养反硝化工艺脱氮处理光伏废水的成本分别为2.468元·t~(-1)和2.072 8元·t~(-1),硫自养反硝化工艺更节约脱氮处理成本.     

1株异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌DK1的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从某反应器活性污泥中分离筛选出1株假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)细菌,命名为DK1,并对该菌进行脱氮特性研究.在以葡萄糖为碳源,C/N量比为5时,分别以NaNO_3和NaNO_2为氮源,二者的好氧反硝化速率为4.09 mg·(L·h)-1和4.43mg·(L·h)~(-1).以二者同时为氮源脱氮率为100%;此外,菌株DK1具有异养硝化性能,NH_4~+-N平均去除速率为2.32mg·(L·h)-1.缺氧时以NO_2~--N为氮源菌株DK1可将一系列梯度浓度NO_2~--N(约100~300 mg·L-1)在36 h内降为0.当NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N同时存在时,菌株DK1会优先利用NO_3~--N进行反硝化.同时该菌株还具有同步硝化反硝化(SND)性能,可同时去除NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N或NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N,30 h内脱氮率分别达95.06%和94.69%.相同时间内在NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N三者均存在时,脱氮效果最佳,达100%.菌株DK1的高效SND及反硝化性能表明其在处理含氮废水方面有一定的潜力和应用价值.     

基质比对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮除碳的影响

采用SBR处理实际生活污水,在实现半亚硝化时,其出水加入定量的Na NO_2作为厌氧氨氧化过程厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)的进水.在温度为24℃、pH为7. 2±0. 2时,考察不同进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮除碳的影响.结果表明:(1)进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1. 4～1. 6时系统脱氮效能最佳,NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和COD平均出水浓度分别为2. 14、1. 07和30. 50 mg·L~(-1),三者去除率分别为93. 62%、97. 79%和74. 75%,ΔNO_2~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N和ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N分别为1. 60和0. 17,TN的去除是异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌共同作用的结果.(2)随着进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N的逐渐增大,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐减小,异养反硝化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐增加.(3)典型周期内,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的降解过程均为零级反应,线性关系良好,比降解速率分别为0. 404 mg·(g·h)~(-1)和0. 599 mg·(g·h)~(-1),两者的比降解速率之比为1. 48,COD的比降解速率呈现逐渐增大的趋势.     

不同水温分层水库沉积物间隙水营养盐垂向分布与细菌群落结构的关系

为探究不同水温分层水库沉积物间隙水营养盐垂向分布规律及其与细菌群落结构的关系,运用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析了2018年1月澜沧江小湾、漫湾水库建库后沉积物细菌群落结构特征,并采用Cannoco软件对细菌群落与环境因子关系进行了冗余分析.结果表明,调查期间小湾水库水体表底温差3. 3℃,最大温度梯度为0. 2℃·m~(-1)属于分层水体,漫湾表底温差0. 1℃属于混合水体.小湾间隙水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N平均质量浓度分别为2. 233 mg·L~(-1)和0. 030 mg·L~(-1),漫湾分别为2. 569 mg·L~(-1)和0. 016 mg·L~(-1).间隙水NH_4~+-N在两个水库沉积物中均表现垂向向下增大的趋势,而NO_3~--N垂向变化则不明显但均在深层质量浓度最底,库区间比较来看,只有NO_3~--N具有极显著性差异,其中小湾明显高于漫湾.菌群分类发现,小湾与漫湾沉积物细菌群落具有相同的优势菌门和优势菌属,水温分层对间隙水营养盐及细菌群落结构无显著影响.而漫湾相比小湾沉积物中反硝化菌相对丰度更高,硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌相对丰度更低,同一库区沉积物深层中反硝化菌相对丰度较高,有机物降解菌、硝化菌、厌氧氨氧化菌和溶磷菌相对丰度较低,是造成沉积物营养盐库间差异和垂向差异的原因.     

采用含硫铁化学污泥作为反硝化电子供体进行焦化废水中总氮深度去除

城市污水处理和大部分的工业废水处理工艺的出水总氮普遍难以达标排放,基于进水水质的C/N值不稳定、提高回流比造成水力负荷增大、降低反应动力学并且耗能、投加有机碳源带来二次污染以及高污泥产率等问题,急需寻求一种节能降耗、操作简单的深度脱氮方法.对此,利用含硫工业废水预处理产生的含硫铁化学污泥作为固相电子供体进行自养反硝化深度脱氮,实验过程中,以焦化废水二级生物出水作为研究对象,考察脱氮性能、硫铁泥转变过程及微生物群落变化,求出废水深度脱氮新工艺的优化反应条件与效果范围.当进水NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N浓度分别是(74.54±0.57)mg·L~(-1)、(1.11±0.19)mg·L~(-1),水力停留时间为18 h时,对应出水浓度分别降低至(2.78±1.08)mg·L~(-1)、(2.87±0.71)mg·L~(-1);TON(NO_3~--N+NO_2~--N)去除率高达90.0%;NO_3~--N还原速率和NO_2~--N累积速率分别为12.06 mmol·(L·d)-1、7.74 mmol·(L·d)-1.结果表明,以副产物化学硫铁泥作为电子供体深度脱氮有潜在的工程应用价值,以水处理工艺过程中原位利用废物,解决部分富硫铁化学污泥后续处理问题,表现出资源化利用的综合特征.     

PD-DPR系统处理城市污水与高硝酸盐废水实现稳定亚硝酸盐积累和磷去除的特性

本研究以模拟城市污水和高硝酸盐废水为处理对象,在一个厌氧-缺氧-微曝气运行的SBR反应器内,将短程反硝化工艺(PD,NO_3~-→NO_2~--N)与反硝化除磷工艺(DPR)耦合,并通过联合调控进水C/N比、厌氧排水率和缺氧时间,考察了PD-DPR系统的亚硝酸盐积累特性和除磷性能.结果表明,经过140d,NO_3~-→NO_2~--N转化率(NTR)为80.1%,PO~(3-)_4-P去除率高达97.64%.在厌氧段(180 min),聚糖菌(GAOs)和聚磷菌(PAOs)对污水有机碳源进行充分利用,将其转化为内碳源;缺氧段(150 min),反硝化聚糖菌(DGAOs)和异养反硝化菌(DOHOs)分别进行内源和外源短程反硝化实现NO~-_2-N稳定积累,同时反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)进行高效反硝化吸磷;微曝气段(10 min),在不发生硝化反应的前提下,PAOs超量吸磷,提高了系统的除磷性能.系统出水NO~-_2-N/NH~+_4-N为1.31∶1(接近厌氧氨氧化工艺理论值1.32∶1),PO~(3-)_4-P浓度为0.30 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度为12.94 mg·L~(-1).其出水水质可满足与厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺耦合进行深度脱氮的需求.     

海水异养硝化-好氧反硝化芽孢杆菌SLWX2的筛选及脱氮特性

从分离自刺参养殖环境的7株候选菌株中筛选出1株具有较强异养硝化和好氧反硝化能力的菌株SLWX_2,通过形态学特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因测序分析鉴定其为花津滩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus hwajinpoensis).该菌株脱氮特性研究结果表明,SLWX_224 h对氨氮、亚硝酸氮和硝酸氮的去除率分别达到100%、99.5%和85.6%;当3种无机氮源同时存在时,菌株优先利用氨氮,再利用NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N,72 h 3种无机氮的质量浓度均降至0.013 mg·L~(-1)以下,表明该菌株能同时进行异养硝化和好氧反硝化完成脱氮;在氨氮负荷500 mg·L~(-1)、亚硝酸氮负荷100 mg·L·~(-1)和硝酸氮负荷200 mg·L~(-1)范围内,该菌的脱氮能力不受明显抑制,对3种形态的氮均有良好去除效果,96 h最多可去除180 mg NH_4~+-N、30 mg NO_2~--N和120 mg NO_3~--N,并且在硝化过程中没有亚硝酸氮积累.该菌株在海水养殖和高盐高氮工业废水的脱氮处理方面具有更大潜力.     

不同碳氮比下污水反硝化过程中亚硝氮积累的特性研究

以乙酸钠为碳源,在不同的碳氮比(COD/NO_3~--N)条件下,通过控制反应器中反硝化时间,将NO_3~--N仅还原至NO_2~--N,实现NO_2~--N的稳定积累.结果表明,反硝化时间从60 min缩短至20 min,NO_3~--N还原速率和NO_2~--N积累速率分别增大至0.417 g·g~(-1)·h~(-1)(以VSS计,下同)和0.402g·g~(-1)·h~(-1).经过108 d的培养,NO_2~--N的积累率为95%.反硝化活性随碳氮比的增大而增大,而较低碳氮比更有利于NO_2~--N的稳定积累.在反硝化亚硝氮积累过程中,当碳源充足时,由于电子受体NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N相互竞争碳源,NO_3~--N的存在会抑制NO_2~--N的还原,从而导致NO_2~--N积累;而当碳源不足时,基质限制使NO_3~--N优先还原,导致NO_2~--N的积累.微生物宏基因组测序结果表明,培养污泥中的优势菌群为Thauera(71.85%),该菌仅能将NO_3~--N还原为NO_2~--N,从而导致NO_2~--N的积累.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.