四溴联苯醚对3种典型水生生物的急性毒性

文章采用半静态水质接触急性试验法,研究了2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚对小球藻、大型溞、斑马鱼的急性毒性。结果表明,2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚对小球藻的96 h-EC_(50)为3.97μg/L,对大型溞的48 h-LC_(50)和96 h-LC_(50)分为1.09 mg/L和0.84 mg/L,对斑马鱼的96 hLC_(50)56.2 mg/L。按照毒性评价的分级标准,2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚对小球藻、大型溞、斑马鱼分别为极高毒、高毒、中低毒化学品,其对水生生物的毒性表现为:藻类蚤类鱼类。2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚易导致小球藻急性中毒死亡。但由于2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚在水中的溶解度极低(15μg/L),因此在自然环境中其不会导致大型溞和斑马鱼的急性中毒死亡。     

羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)在小鼠肝脏S9中的体外代谢研究

羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)是一类具有内分泌干扰性质的酚类化合物,且内分泌干扰效应大于其母体多溴联苯醚(PBDEs),研究OH-PBDEs的体外代谢行为对于理解其在生物体内的富集转化具有重要意义.以小鼠肝脏S9部分作为研究对象,考察了3-OH-BDE-47、5-OHBDE-47、6-OH-BDE-47和2'-OH-BDE-68在小鼠肝脏中的体外代谢.结果表明小鼠肝脏S9中的I相酶和II相酶均能代谢4种OH-PBDEs;醚键与OH官能团及Br原子互为邻位时,I相酶对OH-PBDEs的代谢率最高,即6-OH-BDE-47表现出较高的代谢率,此外,4种OH-PBDEs经I相酶代谢后均能生成2,4-二溴苯酚,表明醚键断裂是其主要的I相酶代谢途径;OH-PBDEs的OH官能团与醚键互为间位时,II相酶对其葡萄糖醛酸结合反应最高,也就是5-OH-BDE-47表现出较高的去除率.     

2,2'',4,4''-四溴联苯醚高效好氧降解菌的鉴定及其降解路径

2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)是环境和生物体中普遍检出且生物毒性较大的一种多溴联苯醚同系物.本研究从广东省贵屿镇电子垃圾拆解厂周边采集的农田土壤中分离出一株BDE-47的高效好氧降解菌GYP1,考察了其对BDE-47的降解性能、降解路径及不同的环境因素对菌株降解BDE-47的影响.根据菌株形态特征、16S r DNA基因序列及系统发育树分析,将该菌鉴定为伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia).结果表明,菌株GYP1在好氧条件下能够利用BDE-47为唯一碳源生长,在BDE-47初始质量浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)、温度为30℃、摇床转速为150r·min~(-1)的条件下避光培养4 d,该菌株对BDE-47的降解率可达到82.4%.菌株GYP1在15~35℃和p H=4.0~7.0的环境条件范围内对BDE-47均能保持良好的降解性能,但外加蔗糖、酵母粉、联苯醚等碳源会明显抑制其对BDE-47的降解.在菌株GYP1对BDE-47的降解过程中检测到6-OH-BDE-47、5-OH-BDE-47、4'-OH-BDE-17、2'-OH-BDE-3这4种羟基多溴联苯醚及2,4-二溴苯酚,证明菌株GYP1对BDE-47的好氧降解机理主要是羟基化过程.     

BDE-47在紫贻贝中的分布、蓄积、消除和毒性效应

以紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)为试验生物,研究了2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在贻贝组织中的分布、生物蓄积和消除动态,并探究BDE-47对贻贝的毒性作用.结果发现:紫贻贝对BDE-47有较强的生物蓄积能力和一定的消除能力,且蓄积具有组织特异性和浓度依赖性,消化腺和鳃是BDE-47蓄积的靶器官.蓄积和消除阶段各组织中BDE-47含量符合一阶非线性累积/衰减模型.0.01~1μg/L暴露浓度下,BDE-47在贻贝各组织中的半衰期为0.68~7.62d,生物富集系数(BCFs)为3217~140970L/Kg.BDE-47暴露引发消化腺和鳃抗氧化防御系统及组织损伤,其中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性可作为BDE-47暴露的候选生物标志物.     

纳米Pd/Fe催化甲醇/水中2,2'',4,4''-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)还原脱溴

构建了纳米Pd/Fe催化还原甲醇/水中2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)反应体系,常压下采用单因素实验系统考察了纳米Pd/Fe催化还原甲醇/水中2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)的主要影响因素,并分析了BDE-47还原反应的中间产物及终产物.结果表明,纳米Pd/Fe的反应活性随Pd负载率的提高而先升后降;甲醇-水体积比高于50∶50后,BDE-47去除率随甲醇-水体积比升高而降低;在25～40℃内,BDE-47去除率随反应温度的升高而升高,随BDE-47初始浓度的增加而降低,增加纳米Pd/Fe量可提高反应速率;酸性及弱碱性条件有利于BDE-47还原.BDE-47还原主要为脱溴反应,是一个从n溴到(n-1)溴联苯醚的逐步脱溴过程,反应进行90min后,BDE-47分子中溴原子完全被脱除,反应终产物为二苯醚.     

猪肝微粒体体外代谢2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类在环境中普遍存在的持久性有机污染物,研究PBDEs的体外代谢行为对理解其在体内的富集和转化具有重要意义。文章以猪肝微粒体作为研究对象,以体外代谢形式研究其对2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)的代谢能力,优化了代谢条件,并研究了0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5、1、5、10 mg/L的BDE-47对细胞色素P450酶系中7-乙氧基香豆素-O-脱乙基酶(ECOD)、7-乙氧基异吩唑酮-O-脱乙基酶(EROD)和苯胺4-羟基化酶(ANH)活性的影响。结果表明,孵育0.1 mg/L的BDE-47时,猪肝微粒体对BDE-47的代谢率可达到28.6%。实验所设各浓度BDE-47均能够保护微粒体的ECOD活性,但较高浓度的BDE-47(0.5、1、5 mg/L)对微粒体的EROD活性有显著抑制作用,而各浓度BDE-47对ANH活性没有显著影响。     

氮浓度对牟氏角毛藻富集2,2',4,4',5-五溴联苯醚的影响

以牟氏角毛藻为研究对象,采用半连续培养法,研究了不同氮浓度条件下牟氏角毛藻对2,2',4,4',5-五溴联苯醚富集.结果表明,牟氏角毛藻对多溴联苯醚的富集与氮营养条件有关,随着氮浓度的增加,富集量和富集因子均呈降低趋势.氮浓度为0,128,512μmol/L条件下,单位藻细胞的富集量分别为2.84,2.38,1.91ng/106 cells,单位体积藻液富集量分别为0.19,0.16,0.12ng/mL.富集因子的变化趋势相似,氮为0μmol/L时单位总脂富集因子(BCFlipid)为238.19×104 (ng/g)/(ng/mL),随着氮浓度的升高,BCFlipid明显降低.相关性分析表明,单位体积藻液富集量、单位藻细胞富集量和BCFlipid等均与氮浓度呈现显著的负相关关系(r>-0.8, P0.8, P<0.05).     

羟基多溴联苯醚对鲤鱼急性毒性及定量结构活性关系

羟基多溴联苯醚是一类具有环境风险的新兴污染物,它们已经在众多环境介质甚至人体内广泛存在。参照GB/T13267-91标准方法,采用静态生物急性毒性试验,测定了6种羟基多溴联苯醚(2′-OH-BDE7、4′-OH-BDE17、2′-OH-BDE28、2′-OH-BDE68、4′-OH-BDE90和2′-OH-BDE123)对普通鲤鱼的急性毒性96 h-LC50值,分别为697、1 130、854、550、644和522 ng.mL-1。除4′-OH-BDE17为高毒物质外,其他5种OH-PBDEs均为剧毒物质,高溴代的2′-OH-BDE123毒性最大。选用OH-PBDEs的KOW参数及由MOPAC软件PM3算法计算出的16个量子化学参数(EHomo、qBr+、ELumo等)为描述符,运用一元线性回归分析分别研究了96 h-LC50与他们之间的相关关系。结果表明:lgKOW和ELumo与6种羟基多溴联苯醚的96 h-lg LC50表现出较好的相关性,复相关系数均大于0.96,根据方程得到的96 h-lg LC50预测值与实验值基本相同,进一步对环境中广泛检出的其它OH-PBDEs的96 h-LC50值也进行了预测。     

2,2′,4,4′-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)污染沉积物对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏的SOD、CAT和EROD活性的影响

以实验室培养的铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeroginosa)为受试生物,研究了2,2′,4,4′-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)污染沉积物对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和7-乙氧基-3-异吩唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性的影响,以揭示BDE-47与这些酶活性之间的剂量-效应和时间-效应关系.结果表明,不同水平BDE-47污染沉积物暴露后,铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏SOD和CAT活性表现出较为明显的剂量或时间依赖性效应,BDE-47可引起铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏的氧化应激,高剂量(≥160ng.g-1)BDE-47的长时间暴露可导致SOD和CAT活性显著下降,提示细胞出现氧化损伤.SOD对BDE-47胁迫的敏感性高于CAT.铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏中SOD和CAT可以作为指示低水平BDE-47污染沉积物胁迫的生物标志物.BDE-47不能诱导铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏EROD活性,但高剂量(≥160ng.g-1)或长时间BDE-47暴露则导致EROD活性显著降低.     

白腐菌锰过氧化物酶对2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚的降解

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类在环境中普遍存在的全球性有机污染物,对这类污染物环境行为的研究虽然已有较多报道,但是微生物降解方面尤其是针对单一胞外酶降解的研究还比较少。文章以白腐菌模式菌种Phanerochaete chrysosporium为对象,研究其分泌的胞外酶锰过氧化物酶(MnP)对环境中最常检测到的2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE47)的好氧降解,考察不同β-环糊精浓度对该酶降解BDE47的影响,并初步探讨了胞内细胞色素P450的作用。结果表明,MnP能有效降解BDE47,在培养15 d后,扣除空白损失,降解率达到70%左右。低浓度和高浓度的环糊精对MnP降解BDE47无显著性影响。胞内细胞色素P450对BDE47的降解没有明显贡献。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.