垃圾焚烧发电项目碳排放核算与减排效应研究

采用IPCC国家温室气体清单指南法计算了合肥市某生活垃圾焚烧发电项目的碳排放,分析了项目碳减排效应,并给出了垃圾焚烧的减排路径。结果表明,该生活垃圾焚烧发电项目碳排放强度为398.89 kgCO₂e/t,其中焚烧过程碳排放为384.7 kgCO₂e/t,占比96.44%。塑料等含化石碳组分垃圾的碳排放占整个焚烧项目碳排放的92%以上,是主要排放源。项目通过替代垃圾填埋基准线排放为557.75 kgCO₂e/t,替代燃煤发电的基准线排放为385.73 kgCO₂e/t,综合净减排量为544.59 kgCO₂e/t,表明生活垃圾焚烧发电项目具有很好的减排效益。通过系统规范核算了焚烧发电项目温室气体排放的基础数据,为垃圾焚烧发电行业摸清碳排放底数、参与碳排放交易等提供支撑。     

北京市生活垃圾焚烧厂耗能排污特征及节能减排潜力

将生活垃圾焚烧厂从整体到局部分为场站-工艺-单元三个层次,通过现场调查,获取了北京市生活垃圾焚烧设施在2009~2011年不同层次耗能排污数据。分析表明,在焚烧工艺中焚烧单元处理单位垃圾的电耗达到60.83kW·h,余热发电单元水耗最大,尾气处理单元的电耗和水耗相对较小。不同场站在处理单位垃圾时烟气和炉渣产量比较接近,但飞灰排放差异较大,在2.92~24.78kg/t垃圾之间。渗沥液水量年际变化较大,水质相对稳定,MBR单元对污染物的去除效果最好,但其耗电量较大,占渗沥液处理工艺总耗电量的87.55%。焚烧工艺发电最优值为423.77kW·h/t垃圾,产生的电能除满足自身需求外,还剩余1.8×108kW·h的电能,可用于渗沥液处理工艺或输向场站外部。每吨渗沥液处理最多可产生中水0.962t,全北京市每年产生中水196456t/a,使用潜力大。     

北京市生活垃圾焚烧厂耗能排污特征及节能减排潜力

将生活垃圾焚烧厂从整体到局部分为场站-工艺-单元三个层次,通过现场调查,获取了北京市生活垃圾焚烧设施在2009~2011年不同层次耗能排污数据。分析表明,在焚烧工艺中焚烧单元处理单位垃圾的电耗达到60.83 kW·h,余热发电单元水耗最大,尾气处理单元的电耗和水耗相对较小。不同场站在处理单位垃圾时烟气和炉渣产量比较接近,但飞灰排放差异较大,在2.92~24.78 kg/t垃圾之间。渗沥液水量年际变化较大,水质相对稳定,MBR单元对污染物的去除效果最好,但其耗电量较大,占渗沥液处理工艺总耗电量的87.55%。焚烧工艺发电最优值为423.77 kW·h/t垃圾,产生的电能除满足自身需求外,还剩余1.8×108 kW·h的电能,可用于渗沥液处理工艺或输向场站外部。每吨渗沥液处理最多可产生中水0.962 t,全北京市每年产生中水196456 t/a,使用潜力大。     

生活垃圾焚烧新国标实施

正《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》于今年7月起实施,焚烧排放的各类污染物限值提高30%。业内估计,环保门槛的提升,可能会引发垃圾发电行业深度整合。数据显示,仅在2012年,全国城市生活垃圾清运量达到1.71亿吨,而这个数字每年还在以超过10%的速度增长,现实需要使得各地快速上马垃圾焚烧发电项目。但由于此前我国对生     

生活垃圾焚烧发电碳排放计算方法研究

生活垃圾焚烧发电,利用垃圾焚烧处理的余热发电,在节约能源的同时,也减少了二氧化碳的排放。本文中结合某垃圾焚烧发电无害化处理工程,依据CDM方法学AM0025对该项目的碳减排量进行了计算,结果表明,10a该项目共减少二氧化碳排放量477560t,给我国带来了可观的环境效益和经济效益。     

我国生活垃圾焚烧发电过程中温室气体排放及影响因素 ——以上海某城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为例

以上海某城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为例,采用上游-操作-下游(UOD)表格法,分析了生活垃圾焚烧发电过程中不同环节的温室气体排放贡献,及影响其排放的主要因素.结果表明,目前我国生活垃圾焚烧发电过程是温室气体排放源,以吨垃圾净CO2排放量计,达166~212kg.生活垃圾中自含化石碳对温室气体排放的贡献最大,CO2排放量为257kg/t;因焚烧发电上网而获得的净减排量为120kg/t;垃圾收运、辅助物料消耗及焚烧灰渣处理等引起的排放量总计为27~45kg/t.生活垃圾沥出渗滤液后续处理过程的温室气体排放量为7.7kg/t.节省焚烧过程辅助物料使用和改变焚烧灰渣处置方式能够减少温室气体排放量,但是减排效果有限.我国各地区电能基准线排放因子存在差异,对焚烧过程温室气体排放的影响为0~13%.降低生活垃圾含水率、提高垃圾可发电量是我国生活垃圾焚烧发电过程温室气体排放源汇转换的关键途径.     

防疫、生产“两手抓”,浙能锦江环境在路上!——浙能锦江环境控股有限公司工作纪实

正浙能锦江环境控股有限公司(以下简称"浙能锦江环境")是中国垃圾焚烧发电产业的开拓者,自1998年建立了中国第一座由企业兴建的城市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂(浙江杭州余杭垃圾发电厂)以来,目前在中国13个省(区、市)建有23个在运行的垃圾焚烧发电厂(含托管项目),每天实际处理的生活垃圾量超过3万t。浙能锦江环境作为垃圾发电产业引领者,旗下已投入运营的垃圾焚烧发电     

生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气的治理措施——以某生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为例

垃圾焚烧发电产生的二次污染,特别是焚烧中产生的剧毒物二噁英是人们共同关注的问题。对其尾气的净化处理关系到垃圾能否资源化利用的关键。本文以某生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为例,阐述城市生活垃圾焚烧发电过程中污染物的来源与形成,同时分析了对它们的处理与控制。     

杭州九峰垃圾焚烧发电项目

正2017年9月22日点火投运的杭州九峰垃圾焚烧发电项目日处理焚烧生活垃圾3000吨,全年处理垃圾量109.5万吨,设计年上网电量3.9亿千瓦时。该项目配套渗滤液经处理实现了"全回用、零排放",项目排放指标与杭州当地环保部门在线联网,向社会和公众公开披露各项环评指标。该生活焚烧发电项目有四个"经得起",即经得起闻:厂区及周边无臭气、无异味;经得起看:厂区环境整洁美观、烟囱口不"冒烟";经得起听:     

数字能源

<正>湖南PPP项目合同范本出台将建28座焚烧发电设施在北京举办的"央企湘企'一带一路'产能合作对接活动"中,在湖南PPP示范项目专场推介会上重点推出了垃圾焚烧发电、病死畜禽无害化处理和污水处理三个领域PPP项目。其中生活垃圾焚烧发电PPP项目,按照每个市州至少1座和"全面覆盖、逐步推进"的总体思路,计划到2020年,规划投资150亿元,分三批整体打包、集中推进全省28座生活垃圾焚烧发电设施建设。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.