Advances in emission control of diesel vehicles in China

Diesel vehicles have caused serious environmental problems in China. Hence, the Chinese government has launched serious actions against air pollution and imposed more stringent regulations on diesel vehicle emissions in the latest China VI standard. To fulfill this stringent legislation, two major technical routes, including the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and high-efficiency selective catalytic reduction (SCR) routes, have been developed for diesel engines. Moreover, complicated aftertreatment technologies have also been developed, including use of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) for controlling carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, diesel particulate filter (DPF) for particle mass (PM) emission control, SCR for the control of NOx emission, and an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) for the control of unreacted NH₃. Due to the stringent requirements of the China VI standard, the aftertreatment system needs to be more deeply integrated with the engine system. In the future, aftertreatment technologies will need further upgrades to fulfill the requirements of the near-zero emission target for diesel vehicles.     

Advances in air pollution control for key industries in China during the 13th five-year plan

Industrial development is an essential foundation of the national economy, but the industry is also the largest source of air pollution, of which power plants, iron and steel, building materials, and other industries emit large amounts of pollutants. Therefore, the Chinese government has promulgated a series of stringent emission regulations, and it is against this backdrop that research into air pollution control technologies for key industrial sectors is in full swing. In particular, during the 13th Five-Year Plan, breakthroughs have been made in pollution control technology for key industrial sectors. A multi-pollutant treatment technology system of desulfurization, denitrification, and dust collection, which applies to key industries such as power plants, steel, and building materials, has been developed. High-performance materials for the treatment of different pollutants, such as denitrification catalysts and desulfurization absorbers, were developed. At the same time, multi-pollutant synergistic removal technologies for flue gas in various industries have also become a hot research topic, with important breakthroughs in the synergistic removal of NO_x, SO_x, and Hg. Due to the increasingly stringent emission standards and regulations in China, there is still a need to work on the development of multi-pollutant synergistic technologies and further research and development of synergistic abatement technologies for CO₂ to meet the requirements of ultra-low emissions in industrial sectors.     

中国重型柴油车后处理技术研究进展

我国柴油车（尤其是重型柴油车）污染问题突出,亟须重点控制.为此,对我国重型柴油车后处理技术的主要研究进展进行了综述与展望.结果显示:我国自柴油车国Ⅳ标准实施以来,后处理技术已经成为柴油车尾气污染控制的必备技术.目前发展出的主要后处理技术包括用于控制CO和HC排放的柴油机氧化催化剂（DOC）、用于控制PM排放的柴油颗粒捕集器（DPF）、用于控制NO_x排放的选择性催化还原技术（SCR）.我国国Ⅳ和国Ⅴ阶段主要采用SCR技术路线控制重型柴油车污染排放,而国Ⅵ阶段严苛的标准要求为柴油车污染物排放控制带来巨大挑战,需要将多种后处理技术进行耦合,并且需要将后处理系统与发动机系统进行融合.除柴油车新车外,我国在用柴油车也需要有针对性地开展污染治理,主要涉及NO_x和PM高效协同减排技术和排放在线监管技术.      

City-specific vehicle emission control strategies to achieve stringent emission reduction targets in China''s Yangtze River Delta region

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region is one of the most prosperous and densely populated regions in China and is facing tremendous pressure to mitigate vehicle emissions and improve air quality. Our assessment has revealed that mitigating vehicle emissions of NOx would be more difficult than reducing the emissions of other major vehicular pollutants (e.g., CO, HC and PM_2.5) in the YRD region. Even in Shanghai, where the emission control implemented are more stringent than in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, we observed little to no reduction in NOx emissions from 2000 to 2010. Emission–reduction targets for HC, NOx and PM_2.5 are determined using a response surface modeling tool for better air quality. We design city-specific emission control strategies for three vehicle-populated cities in the YRD region: Shanghai and Nanjing and Wuxi in Jiangsu. Our results indicate that even if stringent emission control consisting of the Euro 6/VI standards, the limitation of vehicle population and usage, and the scrappage of older vehicles is applied, Nanjing and Wuxi will not be able to meet the NOx emissions target by 2020. Therefore, additional control measures are proposed for Nanjing and Wuxi to further mitigate NOx emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles.     

山西省低热值燃煤电厂煤粉炉SO2和NOx超低排放工艺技术路线探讨

燃煤电厂污染物排放实施超低排放是中国燃煤电站绿色火电的大方向,煤电进入超低排放阶段,实施超低排放标准对电厂的污染物治理提出了更为苛刻的要求。为了在环境影响评价中落实超低排放可行措施,使SO2和NOx 达到超低排放标准,本文根据山西省低热值燃煤电厂实际环境影响评价过程中遇到超低排放工艺技术路线的问题,针对煤粉锅炉燃用高灰分、高硫分、热值低的煤质情况,介绍了大气污染物脱硫和脱硝的超净排放工艺方案,指出采用“石灰石-石膏湿法”脱硫双循环技术;锅炉低氮燃烧技术+SCR脱硝工艺技术(3+1层),可以满足山西省超低排放限值要求。     

汽油车技术发展对尾气排放影响研究进展

近年来,汽油车尾气排放已成为城市大气污染的主要来源之一.为减少油耗、温室气体和大气污染物的排放,汽油直喷技术(GDI)、醇类燃料替代以及混合动力系统等新兴技术被应用到汽车产品中,该研究对GDI发动机汽车、醇类燃料车和混合动力车的颗粒物(PM)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、总碳氢化合物(THC)的排放研究进行梳理和总结,综合评估先进动力技术和醇类燃料的环境影响.结果表明:GDI汽油车的PM排放因子为进气道喷射(PFI)汽油车的1.2~5倍,加装汽油颗粒物捕集器(GPF)后GDI汽油车的PM排放大幅下降,同时具备催化能力的GPF可减少NO_x和THC排放.与汽油车相比,乙醇燃料车PM排放量减少了35%~56%,尾气THC排放减少了10%~44%,但挥发性有机物(VOCs)蒸发排放增加了20%~41%,其主要来自于日呼吸损失.各类型车辆的NO_x排放差异较小,比较结果存在一定的不确定性.混合动力车相比传统内燃机汽车污染物减排优势明显,可积极推广其在公共交通和私家车队中的应用.建议今后研究应着重关注以下几个方面:①GDI和混合动力车在实际条件下排放污染物的环境影响;②醇类燃料车VOCs蒸发排放控制技术及相关法规标准的完善;③新兴技术汽油车排放污染物的生成机理及其影响因素.      

我国重点行业氮氧化物管控现状及减排策略

氮氧化物(NO_x)减排对于我国细颗粒物(PM_2.5)与臭氧(O₃)复合污染的协同控制至关重要.本文对我国重点行业NO_x管控现状和减排策略进行了综述与展望.研究表明,我国NO_x排放主要来源于工业炉窑和柴油机尾气,其中工业烟气NO_x排放主要来源于钢铁、建材和有色等行业;柴油机NO_x排放主要来源于柴油车、非道路移动机械与船舶.NO_x减排策略主要包括技术措施和政策措施,其中技术措施主要包括清洁燃烧,如低氮燃烧、废气再循环、清洁燃料替代等,以及后处理净化技术,如选择性催化还原技术、选择性非催化还原、臭氧氧化吸收等;政策措施主要包括提升NO_x排放标准,加强排放智能监测监管,布局新能源相关技术等.研究显示：现阶段,机动车和非电行业的NO_x减排仍有较大空间;未来,在“碳达峰碳中和”背景下,通过发展大气污染物和温室气体的协同控制技术,将进一步深度减排NO_x,实现PM...     

燃煤电厂大气污染物“近零排放”技术研究及工程应用

在燃煤电厂实现大气污染物“近零排放”过程中,烟尘控制技术是关键,通过对除尘、脱硫、脱硝等先进环保技术的系统比较,提出了燃煤电厂大气污染物“近零排放”技术路线. 在地处长三角的国华舟山电厂4号机组采用高效低氮燃烧+SCR(选择性催化还原法)脱硝+旋转电极除尘+海水脱硫+湿式静电除尘的技术路线,ρ(烟尘)、ρ(SO₂)、ρ(NO_x)的实际排放值分别为2.46、2.76、19.80 mg/m3;在地处京津冀的国华三河电厂1号机组,采用高效低氮燃烧+SCR脱硝+低温省煤器+静电除尘(高效电源)+湿法脱硫+湿式静电除尘的技术路线,ρ(烟尘)、ρ(SO₂)、ρ(NO_x)的实际排放值分别为5、9、35 mg/m3. 实践表明,立足国情走煤炭清洁高效利用之路,燃煤电厂可以在低成本下实现大气污染物的“近零排放”. 通过对技术路线优化、低浓度污染物在线测量技术及“近零排放”中存在的一些问题进行分析和探讨,提出了燃煤电厂大气污染物控制技术的研究和发展方向. 估算结果表明,如果全国燃煤机组自2015年起采用“近零排放”技术,5 a内烟尘、SO₂、NO_x年均减排率分别可达19.0%、18.9%、18.5%.      

Advances in the treatment of multi-pollutant flue gas in China's building materials industry

In most of the world's building material industries, the control of flue gas pollutants mainly focuses on a single pollutant. However, given the large capacity and high contribution of China's building materials industry to global air pollution, the need to develop multi-pollutant emission reduction technology is urgent. Recently, China has focused on reducing the emissions of flue gas pollutants in the building materials industry, established many key research and development projects, and gradually implemented more stringent pollutant emission limits. This project focuses on the most recent advances in flue gas emission control technology in China's building materials industry, including denitration, dust removal, desulfurization, synergistic multi-pollutant emission reduction, and the construction of pilot research and demonstration projects for pollutant removal in several building material industries. On this basis, revised pollutant limits in flue gas emitted in China's building material industry are proposed.     

Systematic control technologies for gaseous pollutants from non-ferrous metallurgy

Air pollutant emissions represent a critical challenge in the green development of the non-ferrous metallurgy industry.This work studied the emission characteristics,formation mechanisms,phase transformation and separation of typical air pollutants,such as heavy metal particles,mercury,sulfur oxides and fluoride,during non-ferrous smelting.A series of purification technologies,including optimization of the furnace throat and hightemperature discharge,were developed to collaboratively control and...     

水泥工业大气污染物排放控制水平确立研究

国家修订发布了GB 4915-2013《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》,新建企业自2014年3月1日起实施,现有企业自2015年7月1日起实施.在修订过程中,如何确定可行的大气污染物排放控制水平,成为标准限值确定的关键.标准编制组系统调查分析了我国水泥工业污染排放现状、污染控制技术应用情况、环境管理需求、国外标准控制水平等,提出了可行的排放控制要求.新标准扩大了标准适用范围,增加了污染物控制项目,提高了颗粒物、NOx等指标的排放控制要求,同时增加了适用于重点地区的大气污染物特别排放限值.新标准的实施将成为水泥工业污染防治、总量减排、调整产业结构、优化布局的重要抓手,新标准将促进水泥工业生产工艺和污染治理技术的进步.     

碳中和下水泥行业低碳发展技术路径及预测研究

为探究水泥行业的碳中和实现路径,从我国的国情出发,结合水泥行业生产特点,对水泥行业未来低碳发展进行了预测. 结果表明:①在碳中和背景下,水泥行业仍会存在约2×108~3×108 t的CO₂排放,产能减量是主要的CO₂减排手段,结合现阶段我国较低的水泥集约化程度和较短的熟料生产线服役年限,产能减量政策的推荐和实施应在合理的规划和政策下推进,低碳技术的发展仍是实现碳中和的关键. ②通过能效提升节能技术可实现CO₂减排约1.19×108 t/a. ③未来在替代原燃料来源、种类及替代率得到全面提升的情况下,原燃料替代技术可基本实现行业10%的CO₂减排量. ④目前,低碳水泥每年产量不足水泥总产量的5%,未来仍需通过产品技术创新,提高其生产及使用占比. ⑤CCUS (CO₂捕集、利用与封存)技术是水泥行业实现碳中和的必要路径,混凝土固碳、钙循环等在水泥行业具有典型行业优势的技术可与生产工艺紧密结合,成为未来水泥行业CCUS技术的重要发力点. 研究显示:结合水泥行业CO₂减排预测及技术路径分析,短期内我国水泥行业降碳主要思路为控制源头排放,包括流程智能化、余热利用、原燃料替代和产业结构调整等路径,实现碳达峰及CO₂减排;中期随着生产线服役年限临近及低碳水泥制备技术的发展,支撑行业碳的大幅削减;后期通过CCUS、富氧燃烧、可再生能源利用等技术来实现水泥行业碳中和的目标.      

Multi-process and multi-pollutant control technology for ultra-low emissions in the iron and steel industry

The iron and steel industry is not only an important foundation of the national economy, but also the largest source of industrial air pollution. Due to the current status of emissions in the iron and steel industry, ultra-low pollutant emission control technology has been researched and developed. Liquid-phase proportion control technology has been developed for magnesian fluxed pellets, and a blast furnace smelting demonstration project has been established to use a high proportion of fluxed pellets (80%) for the first time in China to realize source emission reduction of SO₂ and NO_x. Based on the characteristics of high NO_x concentrations and the coexistence of multiple pollutants in coke oven flue gas, low-NO_x combustion coupled with multi-pollutant cooperative control technology with activated carbon was developed to achieve efficient removal of multiple pollutants and resource utilization of sulfur. Based on the characteristics of co-existing multiple pollutants in pellet flue gas, selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) coupled with ozone oxidation and spray drying adsorption (SDA) was developed, which significantly reduces the operating cost of the system. In the light of the high humidity and high alkalinity in flue gas, filter materials with high humidity resistance and corrosion resistance were manufactured, and an integrated pre-charged bag dust collector device was developed, which realized ultra-low emission of fine particles and reduced filtration resistance and energy consumption in the system. Through source emission reduction, process control and end-treatment technologies, five demonstration projects were built, providing a full set of technical solutions for ultra-low emissions of dust, SO₂, NO_x, SO₃, mercury and other pollutants, and offering technical support for the green development of the iron and steel industry.     

Economic analysis of atmospheric mercury emission control for coal-fired power plants in China

Coal combustion and mercury pollution are closely linked, and this relationship is particularly relevant in China, the world's largest coal consumer. This paper begins with a summary of recent China-specific studies on mercury removal by air pollution control technologies and then provides an economic analysis of mercury abatement from these emission control technologies at coal-fired power plants in China. This includes a cost-effectiveness analysis at the enterprise and sector level in China using 2010 as a baseline and projecting out to 2020 and 2030. Of the control technologies evaluated, the most cost-effective is a fabric filter installed upstream of the wet flue gas desulfurization system (FF + WFGD). Halogen injection (HI) is also a cost-effective mercury-specific control strategy, although it has not yet reached commercial maturity. The sector-level analysis shows that 193 tons of mercury was removed in 2010 in China's coal-fired power sector, with annualized mercury emission control costs of 2.7 billion Chinese Yuan. Under a projected 2030 Emission Control (EC) scenario with stringent mercury limits compared to Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, the increase of selective catalytic reduction systems (SCR) and the use of HI could contribute to 39 tons of mercury removal at a cost of 3.8 billion CNY. The economic analysis presented in this paper offers insights on air pollution control technologies and practices for enhancing atmospheric mercury control that can aid decision-making in policy design and private-sector investments.     

Cost effective environmental control technology for utilities

On September 24, 1998, new regulations announced by the US EPA require 22 eastern states plus the District of Columbia to develop state implementation plans to reduce ground-level ozone through the reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions (Cooper, 1998). This plan calls for a 28% NOx cut in the summer time (1.2 million tons) by 2007. This calls for utilities to develop new, efficient, and robust post-combustion NOx control technologies. A new environmental control technology called low temperature oxidation (LTO) system, which can reduce NOx emissions below measurable levels (i.e. 2 ppm using process analyzers) at low temperature (125-325 °F), was awarded the best available control technology and the lowest available emission reduction technology by the US EPA in April 1998. Ozone is employed to oxidize nitric oxide (NO) to dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅) at a low temperature in an oxidizer, which is then easily absorbed by water in a scrubber. Bench scale and pilot plant tests have shown that the LTO process can almost completely remove the NOx emissions (i.e. NOx emissions are below levels measurable using process analyzers). This proved that the LTO system is an attractive process to meet the stricter NOx regulations. There are multiple benefits of the LTO system besides removal of NOx emissions, includes reduction of SOx and CO emissions, and no secondary air emissions (NH₃, N₂O). In order to obtain minimum NOx emissions, extra ozone needs to be supplied. The cost of the process also increases nonlinearly as emissions decrease. This poses a challenging multiobjective optimization problem where emissions like NOx and SOx need to be minimized, while minimizing the system cost as well as extra ozone. This problem is addressed using a new and efficient multiobjective optimization framework. This framework will provide designs that are cost effective as well as environmentally friendly.     

中国电力行业多污染物控制成本与效果分析

利用情景分析法建立了2010—2030年我国电力行业SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的排放控制情景,分析了发电技术结构调整、加严及进一步加严末端控制措施(脱硫、脱硝、除尘等)的减排成本和效果. 结果表明:到2030年,相对于趋势照常情景,若加严末端控制设施,将新增336×108元投资,SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5排放量可分别减少121×104、852×104、18×104、10×104 t;若进一步加严末端控制措施,将再新增25×108元投资,NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5可分别进一步减排45×104、23×104、15×104 t;若进行发电技术结构调整,将新增2 383×108元投资,SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5排放量分别减少248×104、420×104、18×104、10×104 t;2020年和2030年发电技术结构调整带来的单位污染物减排成本分别为15 374和34 239元/t,是末端控制措施加严的3倍以上,但其能提供更大的SO₂减排空间并具有降低能耗和减排温室气体等协同效益. 从成本效果角度考虑,建议采用加严末端控制措施方案,同时调整发电技术结构、合理发展清洁发电技术,以为污染物减排提供更大空间.      

京津冀地区大气污染联防联控机制实施效果及完善建议

回顾了我国京津冀地区大气污染联防联控机制发展历程,从目标效果、制度框架、措施手段等视角系统地阐述了京津冀地区大气污染联防联控机制的实施效果.结果表明:①京津冀地区大气污染联防联控的预期目标（2017年）基本实现,并且随着控制目标逐渐严格,已由年尺度细化至日尺度.②京津冀地区大气污染联防联控顶层制度框架逐渐成熟,运行机制逐渐健全统一,重污染应急管控预案趋向于成本有效性减排策略.③当前大气污染联防联控手段基本为命令控制型,在源头控制上主要采用新源环境准入、老旧源落后产能淘汰、燃煤控制与小规模炉窑综合整治等产业结构优化和能源消耗结构调整策略;在末端控制上,逐步规范和强化大气固定源排污许可证管理制度,实施精细化的移动源、面源排放管理模式.④建议加快建立京津冀地区空气质量管理常设机构,实现大气污染联防联控的长效化;建议实施区域性大气固定源排污许可证制度,在此基础上引入经济刺激型手段,建立基于京津冀地区空气质量改善目标的大气固定源排污权交易制度,让市场机制促使污染源进一步减排和污染控制技术水平的不断提升.      

美国机场大气污染物控制途径及效果

随着航空运输业的快速发展,飞机及机场机械排放的污染物越来越受到人们的重视,国内外针对机场污染物排放和环境影响采取了针对性的控制措施。本文主要根据美国环保局针对机场飞机和地面保障机械尾气排放控制措施和效果的评估资料,整理机场大气污染物控制途径及效果,合理的飞机起降安排、地面保障机械的清洁燃料替代和尾气后处理装置的安装使用是主要的控制措施,本文总结了各项控制措施的减排效果,为机场大气污染物排放治理提供参考和借鉴。     

基于LMDI分解方法的河北省PM2.5排放驱动因素分析

研究了河北省1990—2015年PM_(2.5)的排放总量及各个产业部门的排放量分布,并应用LMDI模型对五大部门PM_(2.5)排放变化的驱动因素进行了较全面的分解分析,以找出每个部门中PM_(2.5)排放变化的关键驱动因素.同时,通过对原始数据的整理分析和模型计算,结果发现:①工业、生活消费、农业部门是河北省PM_(2.5)排放的三大来源.其中,工业部门是PM_(2.5)排放的最主要贡献部门,占PM_(2.5)总排放量的70%;生活消费部门的贡献位居第二,占比约24%.②对于生产端,经济规模总量扩张是PM_(2.5)排放量增加的最主要原因;能源利用效率的提高和污染治理工艺水平的改进使得各部门的排放强度减弱,明显缓解了PM_(2.5)的排放增长,部门经济结构的优化也可带来明显的减排效应.③对于消费端,人均收入的提高促进了PM_(2.5)排放的增加,倡导绿色消费模式可以有效减缓PM_(2.5)排放.根据以上结论,本研究通过找到各部门存在的问题,为河北省大气污染治理提供参考和借鉴.     

石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫技术

我国的大气环境污染是典型的煤烟型污染,由燃煤排放的SO2所造成的酸雨已危及24个省、市、自治区。治理大气污染的根本途径之一是采取有效的脱硫措施,减少点、面排放源的SO2排放量。针对我国的具体情况,开发切实可行的脱硫技术,卓有成效地控制燃煤烟气中排放的SO2量。近年来,国际国内研制、开发了多种脱硫技术,在此就石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫技术作一些简单探讨。