不同方法制备Co3O4催化剂CO-SCR性能及机制

氮氧化物(NOx)是造成细颗粒物、近地面臭氧等大气污染问题的重要前体物.随着大气污染治理行动的深入,对工业锅炉/窑炉烟气排放的NOx进行控制十分重要.采用不同方法制备了一系列Co_3O_4催化剂,考察了不同制备方法对CO选择性催化还原NO(CO-SCR)反应活性的影响,通过BET、XRD、Raman、HR-TEM和SEM等技术对该系列催化剂进行了表征.活性测试表明,以硫酸钴为前驱体用固态研磨法制备的Co_3O_4-S催化剂具有更优异的CO-SCR反应活性,且表现出较好的抗水蒸气性能,以醋酸钴为前驱体用固态研磨法制备的Co_3O_4-C催化剂显示出较好的抗水性能. NO氧化结果显示,催化剂的NO氧化效果越好,CO-SCR活性也越好. Raman表征结果显示,Co_3O_4-S表面可能含有更多的Co2+离子,从而有利于形成氧空位. H2-TPR结果表明,Co_3O_4-S催化剂的氧化还原性较好. HR-TEM表征发现Co_3O_4-S和Co_3O_4-O主要暴露(111)和(220)晶面,而更多(220)晶面的暴露可能更有利于反应的进行.     

Effect of CeO2 and Al2O3 on the activity of Pd/Co_3O_4/cordierite catalyst in the three-way catalysis reactions (CO/NO/CnHm)

The present article studies the effect of CeO₂ and Al₂O₃ on the activity of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite catalyst in conversion of NO, CO, C_nH_m. The catalysts were characterized by temperature programmed reduction with hydrogen, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the effect of CeO₂ on the properties of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite catalyst depends on preparation method. The catalyst obtained by co-deposition of cerium and cobalt oxides has higher activity in CO oxidation (CO + O₂ and CO + NO) and total hexane oxidation (C₆H₁₄ + O₂). Such phenomenon is probably caused by more than stoichiometric amount of formed oxygen vacancies, an increase in both mobility of surface oxygen and dispersity of components in the catalytic composition. It is demonstrated that CeO₂ addition promotes the SO₂ resistance of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite. The second support decreases the activity of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite catalyst in the reactions of CO and C₆H₁₄ with oxygen because of CoAl₂O₄ formation.     

Catalytic oxidation of benzene over nanostructured porous Co3O4-CeO2 composite catalysts

The three-dimensional structured Co₃O₄-CeO₂ oxides with Co/Ce molar ratio 16:1 gave the highest catalytic activity, which provided more surface hydroxyl groups and more surface oxygenated species.     

MnFe2O4磁性纳米棒非均相Fenton催化降解水中四环素的研究

采用水热合成法成功制备出MnFe₂O₄磁性纳米棒（s-MnFe₂O₄）,并考察了商品化的Fe₃O₄、MnFe₂O₄和合成的s-MnFe₂O₄纳米棒这3种磁性纳米颗粒作为非均相Fenton催化剂降解水中四环素抗生素的性能.同时,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、N₂吸附-脱附、振动样品磁强计（VSM）及X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等技术对催化剂的理化性质进行了表征.非均相Fenton催化降解四环素的结果表明,s-MnFe₂O₄具有最高的催化活性,反应180 min,四环素的去除率可以达到87.6%,TOC的去除率达到47.5%.自由基捕获试验证实了羟基自由基（·OH）是非均相Fenton氧化过程中的主要活性物种.s-MnFe₂O₄磁性纳米棒的高催化活性归因于其表面拥有较高含量的Mn³⁺和Fe²⁺物种,它们的存在能加速界面电子的转移效率,从而促进·OH的生成.合成的s-MnFe₂O₄催化剂具有良好的稳定性,循环使用6次,四环素的去除率仅从87.6%降低到80.2%,且氧化过程中活性组分的流失很少.     

Effect of transition metal doping under reducing calcination atmosphere on photocatalytic property of TiO2 immobilized on SiO2 beads

TiO₂ immobilized on SiO₂ (TiO₂/SiO₂) have been prepared by sol-gel method and various ions of transition metals (Cr³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺) were doped on the photocatalyst using wet impregnation method under reducing calcination atmosphere. The photocatalytic activity of metal doped TiO₂/SiO₂ towards phenol degradation under black light irradiation were investigated and compared with undoped TiO₂/SiO₂. The results showed that the photoresponse of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ doped TiO₂/SiO₂ were larger than undoped TiO₂/SiO₂, indicating that the photogenerated carriers were separated more efficiently in Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ doped TiO₂/SiO₂. The reactivity was in the order of Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Ni²⁺ > Cr³⁺ > Co²⁺. The different photoreactivity was ascribed to combine effect of the different ionic radii and photocorrison tendency of the dopants. The sample was also characterized by surface analytical methods such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron micrograph/electron dispersive X-ray analyzer and UV-Vis absorption spectrum.     

Effects of synthesis methods on catalytic activities of CoOx–TiO2 for low-temperature NH3-SCR of NO

A series of cobalt doped TiO_2(Co-TiO_2) and Co Oxloaded TiO_2(Co/TiO_2) catalysts prepared by sol–gel and impregnation methods respectively were investigated on selective catalytic reduction with NH_3(NH_3-SCR) of NO. It was found that Co-TiO_2 catalyst showed more preferable catalytic activity at low temperature range. From characterization results of XRD,TEM, Raman and FT-IR, Co species were proved to be doped into TiO_2 lattice by replaced Ti atoms. After being characterized and analyzed by NH_3-TPD, PL, XPS, EPR and DRIFTS, it was found that the better NH_3-SCR activities of Co-TiO_2 catalysts, compared with Co/TiO_2 catalyst, were ascribed to the formation of more oxygen vacancies which further promoted the production of more superoxide ions(O-2). The superoxide ions were crucial for the formation of low temperature SCR reaction intermediates(NO-3) by reacting with adsorbed NO molecule. Therefore, these aspects were responsible for the higher low temperature NH_3-SCR activity of Co-TiO_2 catalysts.     

V2O5/TiO2催化剂中毒机理的试验研究

选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂是SCR烟气脱硝技术的核心,是整个SCR系统脱硝效率和经济性的决定因素.本文工作的主要研究思路是以钒钛SCR催化剂为研究对象,研究了H2O和SO2,以及相同含量下K、Na、Ca、Pb的氧化物对钒钛催化剂NO转化率的影响.H2O的存在会抑制V2O5/TiO2催化剂脱硝活性,而SO2在一定程度上促进(V2O5/TiO2)催化剂的SCR脱硝反应,提高NO转化率;碱金属K对钒钛催化剂的钝化作用都是最强,K2O和Na2O的掺入会抑制钒钛催化剂上V2O5的还原能力,而CaO和PbO的掺入对钒钛催化剂上V2O5的还原能力影响较小.     

Fe2O3添加对钛基SCR催化剂表面硫酸氢铵分解行为的影响规律

采用共沉淀法合成了TiO_2及TiO_2-Fe_2O_3载体,并对硫酸氢铵与上述载体之间的相互作用及硫酸氢铵的具体分解行为进行了研究.结果表明,催化剂载体表面含硫官能团主要以双齿硫酸盐的形式存在,含氮官能团以铵根离子的形式存在.当硫酸氢铵沉积于催化剂载体表面时,由于硫酸根离子具有较强的电负性,Ti原子及Fe原子处于电子缺失状态.对于TiO_2载体,硫酸根离子主要与Ti原子相连;而对于TiO_2-Fe_2O_3载体,Ti原子及Fe原子均为硫酸根离子主要的附着位点.采用热分析方法及原位红外对硫酸氢铵在TiO_2及TiO_2-Fe_2O_3载体表面的分解行为进行了研究,发现铁氧化物的添加显著促进了硫酸氢铵在低温区间内的分解行为;与铵根离子相比,硫酸根离子具有更高的热稳定性.催化剂稳定性测试结果表明,铁氧化物的添加显著提高了低温抗硫抗水性能,为实现低温SCR技术的工业应用提供了理论基础.     

Fe2O3 particles as superior catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

Fe203 particle catalysts were experimentally studied in the low temperature selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NO with NH3. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen concentration, [NH3]/[NO] molar ratio and residence time on SCR activity were studied. It was found that Fe203 catalysts had high activity for the SCR of NO with NH3 in a broad temperature range of 150-270℃, and more than 95% NO conversion was obtained at 180℃ when the molar ratio [NH3]/[NO] = 1, the residence time was 0.48 seconds and 02 volume fraction was 3%. In addition, the effect of SO2 on SCR catalytic activity was also investigated at the temperature of 180℃. The results showed that deactivation of the Fe2O3 particles occurred due to the presence of SO2 and the NO conversion decreased from 99.2% to 58% in 240 min, since SO2 gradually decreased the catalytic activity of the catalysts. In addition, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the fresh and deactivated Fe2O3 catalysts. The results showed that the deactivation caused by SO2 was due to the formation of metal sulfates and ammonium sulfates on the catalyst surface during the de-NO reaction, which could cause pore plugging and result in suppression of the catalytic activity.     

不同硅铝比Fe-ZSM-5催化剂对氧化亚氮催化分解性能的研究

以不同硅铝比的H-ZSM-5分子筛为载体,采用离子交换法和化学气相沉积法制备Fe-ZSM-5催化剂,并用XRD、BET、TEM、UV-vis和NH3-TPD等表征手段对催化剂进行分析,研究催化剂中铁的存在状态.结果表明,分子筛的硅铝比影响铁在分子筛中的分布形态,化学气相沉积法和热离子交换法制得硅铝比为25的Fe-ZSM-5-25分子筛催化剂上均匀地分布着粒径为8 nm左右的纳米氧化铁颗粒,并且Fe-ZSM-5-25分子筛催化剂比Fe-ZSM-5-300更容易形成Fe3+x O y团簇.制得的Fe-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂催化分解氧化亚氮(N2O),结果表明,相同的制备方法,硅铝比小的Fe-ZSM-5-25催化剂对N2O分解活性更好;相同硅铝比的Fe-ZSM-5催化剂,采用化学气相沉积法制得的对N2O分解活性最好.另外,O2的存在对Fe-ZSM-5上N2O催化分解活性有抑制作用,而NO对N2O催化分解活性展示了一定的正效应.最后,经过100 h的连续反应,Fe-ZSM-5催化剂依然能够保持催化活性.     

Effect of pretreatment on Pd/Al2O3 catalyst for catalytic oxidation of o-xylene at low temperature

The effect of pretreatment on Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of o-xylene at low temperature was studied by changing the pretreatment and testing conditions. The fresh and pretreated Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the pretreatment dramatically changed the Pd/PdO ratio and then significantly affected the Pd/Al₂O₃ activity; while the pretreatment had not much influence on Pd particle size. The Pd/Al₂O₃ pre-reduced at 300℃/400℃, which has fully reduced Pd species, showed the highest activity; while the fresh Pd/Al₂O₃, which has fully oxidized Pd species, presented the worst performance, indicating the Pd chemical state plays an important role in the catalytic activity for the o-xylene oxidation. It is concluded that metallic Pd is the active species on the Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst for the catalytic oxidation of o-xylene at low temperature.     

Effect of Ce doping of TiO2 support on NH3-SCR activity over V2O5-WO3/CeO2-TiO2 catalyst

CeO2–TiO2composite supports with different Ce/Ti molar ratios were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method, and V2O5–WO3/CeO2–TiO2catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction（SCR） of NOx with NH3 were prepared by an incipient-wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were characterized by means of BET, XRD, UV–Vis,Raman and XPS techniques. The results showed that the catalytic activity of V2O5–WO3/TiO2 was greatly enhanced by Ce doping（molar ratio of Ce/Ti = 1/10） in the TiO2 support.The catalysts that were predominantly anatase TiO2 showed better catalytic performance than the catalysts that were predominantly fluorite CeO2. The Ce additive could enhance the surface adsorbed oxygen and accelerate the SCR reaction. The effects of O2 concentration, ratio of NH3/NO, space velocity and SO2 on the catalytic activity were also investigated. The presence of oxygen played an important role in NO reduction. The optimal ratio of NH3/NO was 1/1 and the catalyst had good resistance to SO2 poisoning.     

三维有序介孔Co3O4非均相活化单过硫酸氢钾降解罗丹明B

以多孔硅KIT-6为模板,采用纳米浇筑法制备三维有序介孔Co_3O_4,利用比表面积测试仪(BET)、高倍投射电子显微镜(H-TEM)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等方法进行表征,并首次将其应用于催化单过硫酸盐降解罗丹明B.结果表明,三维有序介孔Co_3O_4具有丰富的空间介孔结构和巨大的比表面积,对单过硫酸盐的催化活性远强于传统纳米级Co_3O_4.较高的催化剂投加量和较高的单过硫酸盐浓度有利于罗丹明B的脱色.在反应体系中出现Cl-和H2PO-4能够加速罗丹明B的脱色,而出现NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-则会抑制罗丹明B的去除.通过自由基鉴定实验发现,硫酸自由基是导致罗丹明B脱色的主导活性自由基.三维有序介孔Co_3O_4经过多次重复使用后仍表现出良好的催化活性.     

富氧条件下SnO2/Al2O3催化剂上丙烯选择性还原NOx的研究

考察了分别用浸渍法、共沉淀法和溶胶-凝胶法制备的SnO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂上丙烯选择性还原NO_x的催化活性,发现制备方法与Sn的负载量对其活性有重要影响.溶胶-凝胶法制备的SnO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂活性最高,Sn的最佳负载量为5%.与浸渍法和共沉淀法制备的5%SnO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂相比,溶胶-凝胶法制备的5%SnO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂受水蒸汽的抑制作用较弱,并且在水和SO₂共存的条件下活性最高.此外,反应气中丙烯及氧气浓度的增加有利于NO_x转化率的提高.     

Cu-Al2O3中骨架铜类芬顿催化去除水中有机污染物

为解决传统铁基芬顿催化剂在水体通常酸碱(pH6)条件下活性低的问题,采用简单共沉淀法制备了Cu掺杂的Al_2O_3类芬顿催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外可见(UV-vis)吸收光谱分析表明,Cu-Al_2O_3中铜掺杂的质量分数低于4.77%时,催化剂中铜主要以Cu~(2+)和Cu~+的形式共存于Al_2O_3的骨架结构中,形成Al—O—Cu键;过量的铜掺杂会导致外骨架铜物种如铜氧化物团簇的存在.以难降解有机污染物2-氯苯酚(2-chlorophenol,2-CP)和染料罗丹明B(Rhodamine B,Rh B)为目标污染物,对Cu-Al_2O_3的类芬顿催化性能进行了详细地研究.结果表明,骨架铜物种在中性温和条件下对2-CP和Rh B显示出很高的催化去除效率和稳定性,反应2 h,Cu-Al_2O_3(Cu质量分数4.77%)对2-CP的去除率达到54%,相应的TOC去除率达到49%,而铜离子溶出浓度仅为0.025 5 mg·L-1,而Cu-Al_2O_3(Cu质量分数7.58%)由于外骨架铜的存在导致催化活性增加缓慢和稳定性下降.ESR测试结果表明,·OH和HO_2~-/O_2~-·是反应中主要的活性物种.     

Effect of chromium oxide as active site over TiO2-PILC for selective catalytic oxidation of NO

This study introduced TiO2-pillared clays （TiO2-PILC） as a support for the catalytic oxidation of NO and analyzed the performance of chromium oxides as the active site of the oxidation process. Cr-based catalysts were prepared by a wet impregnation method. It was found that the 10 wt.% chromium doping on the support achieved the best catalytic activity. At 350℃, the NO conversion was 61% under conditions of GHSV = 23600 hr^-l. The BET data showed that the support particles had a mesoporous structure. Hz-TPR showed that Cr（10）TiP （10 wt.% Cr doping on TiO2-PILC） clearly exhibited a smooth single peak. EPR and XPS were used to elucidate the oxidation process. During the NO ＋ O2 adsorption, the intensity of evolution of superoxide ions （O2^-） increased. The content of Cr^3＋ on the surface of the used catalyst was 40.37%, but when the used catalyst continued adsorbing NO, the Cr^3＋ increased to 50.28%. Additionally, Oα/Oβ increased markedly through the oxidation process. The NO conversion decreased when SO2 was added into the system, but when the SO2 was removed, the catalytic activity recovered almost up to the initial level. FT-IR spectra did not show a distinct characteristic peak of SO4^2-.     

Ag改性石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)可见光辅助活化过一硫酸盐降解罗丹明B

采用煅烧法和光还原法制备出具有高活性的Ag/g-C₃N₄催化剂,并将其应用于可见光下活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解罗丹明B（RhB）废水.系统研究了实际因素RhB浓度、催化剂投加量、PMS剂量、pH值和可溶性无机阴离子对RhB降解效果的影响.结果表明,RhB的降解率随着催化剂投加量、PMS浓度的增加而增大,随着初始RhB浓度的增加而减小.弱酸性条件有利于反应活化PMS降解RhB,而中性或碱性条件都会减缓催化反应的进行.Ag/g-C₃N₄-2/Vis/PMS催化体系30 min内对RhB的去除率最高可达93.2%,分别是Ag/g-C₃N₄/Vis和单独PMS催化体系的4.0和3.7倍.体系催化活性的提高归因于Ag的表面等离子共振效应及基于硫酸根自由基的高级氧化技术与光催化技术的协同作用.不同阴离子对催化反应的影响不同,溶液中的Cl^-会对反应产生轻微的抑制作用,而H₂PO₄^-和HCO₃^-的出现大大抑制了催化性能.催化剂具有良好的稳定性,5次循环后仍能在30 min之内降解77.4%的RhB.此外,捕获实验和ESR测试结果表明,Ag/g-C₃N₄-2/Vis/PMS催化体系中存在·O₂^-、h⁺、¹O₂、SO₄^-·和·OH活性物种,并协同降解RhB污染物.     

UV/H2O2氧化降解克拉霉素的反应动力学及影响因素

克拉霉素用量大、检出频率高、生态风险大,已被欧盟列为优先监测污染物.针对传统污水处理厂难以完全去除克拉霉素的问题,主要研究了UV/H_2O_2降解克拉霉素的效果和反应动力学,探讨了pH、天然有机质(NOM)和水中共存阴、阳离子对UV/H_2O_2降解克拉霉素的影响.结果表明:单一UV对克拉霉素的光降解符合准一级反应动力学模型,其反应速率常数为0.0016 min~(-1).UV/H_2O_2对克拉霉素的降解符合准一级反应动力学模型,且克拉霉素的降解速率随H_2O_2浓度的增大而增大,在H_2O_2浓度为40 mmol·L~(-1)时,克拉霉素降解的反应速率常数为0.0284min~(-1).克拉霉素与·OH的二级反应速率常数为(2.36±0.20)×10~(10)L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).碱性条件有利于克拉霉素的降解;NOM(2~10 mg·L~(-1))会抑制克拉霉素的降解,且随NOM浓度增大而增大;共存阴离子CO_3~(2-)对克拉霉素降解无影响,HCO_3~-、NO_3~-、Cl~-会抑制克拉霉素的降解,抑制程度的大小顺序为NO_3~-HCO_3~-Cl~-;共存阳离子Ca~(2+)、Mg2+、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+)会抑制克拉霉素的降解,抑制程度的大小顺序为Fe~(3+)Cu~(2+)Mg2+Ca~(2+).     

Mo源改性石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)活化过一硫酸盐可见光降解罗丹明B的性能研究

分别以钼酸钠（MA）和乙酰丙酮钼（MC）作为钼（Mo）源,采用热聚合法合成不同类型Mo-C₃N₄材料（MACN和MCCN）,并通过XRD、SEM、XPS、UV-Vis DRS等表征技术探究不同Mo源的引入对g-C₃N₄晶体结构和光学性质的影响.结果表明,Mo的引入增大了g-C₃N₄的晶格间距,以MC为Mo源合成的MCCN催化剂具有更大的比表面积、更宽的可见光响应范围和更低的能带宽度.将所合成的催化剂应用于耦合过一硫酸盐（PMS）可见光催化降解罗丹明B （RhB）研究,发现在催化剂浓度为0.5 g·L^-1、PMS浓度为1 mmol·L^-1、罗丹明B浓度为10 mg·L^-1的条件下,MCCN-4/PMS/Vis催化体系在25 min内对RhB的降解率高达94.1%,分别是MCCN-4/Vis和单独PMS催化体系的5.6和19.2倍,并且RhB光催化降解过程符合一级动力学方程.为进一步探索MCCN/PMS/可见光（Vis）催化体系的最佳工艺条件,系统考察了Mo的掺杂量、催化剂投加量、PMS浓度、污染物浓度、pH值等实际因素对RhB降解效果的影响.同时,循环实验表明,MCCN-4复合催化剂具有良好的稳定性和可重复性,3次循环之后仍保持89.1%的RhB降解率.此外,捕获实验和电子自旋共振测试（ESR）结果表明,在MCCN/PMS/Vis催化体系下,光生空穴（h⁺）和超氧自由基（·O₂^-）作为主要活性物种参与了RhB的降解.     

Complete oxidation of methane on Co3O4-SnO2 catalysts

Co₃O₄-SnO₂ hybrid oxides were prepared by the coprecipitation method and were used to oxidate methane (CH₄) in presence of oxygen. The Co₃O₄-SnO₂ with a molar ratio of Co/(Co + Sn) at 0.75 exhibited the highest catalytic activity among all the Co₃O₄-SnO₂ hybrid oxides. Experimental results showed that the catalysts were considerably stable in the CH₄ combustion reaction, and were verified by X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). It was found that Co₃O₄ was the active species, and SnO₂ acted as a support or a promoting component in the Co₃O₄-SnO₂ hybrid oxides. The surface area was not a major factor that affected catalytic activity. The hydrogen temperatureprogrammed reduction (H₂-TPR) results demonstrated that the interaction between cobalt and tin oxides accelerated the mobility of oxygen species of Co₃O₄-SnO₂, leading to higher catalytic activity.