生物质吸附剂的研究现状——木质素

木质素是自然界中数量仅次于纤维素的可再生资源,每年由造纸工业排放的木质素数量也相当巨大。木质素具有丰富的官能团,是复杂的芳香族聚合物,如何资源化利用低成本原料——木质素是一个值得研究的课题。主要介绍木质素作为吸附剂的研究状况,其中包括木质素改性前后的吸附性能,并探讨了木质素基吸附剂的发展趋势。     

脱水污泥的土地利用对比研究

为了解脱水技术对后续污泥土地利用的影响,以3种典型脱水污泥为研究对象,分别与土壤等质量混合作为栽培基质用于黑麦草盆栽试验,通过植物种植后复合基质的有机质含量、pH、容重、孔隙率等理化性质的分析以及黑麦草生长状况的观测,研究经过不同脱水工艺的污泥对土壤改良效果的影响。采用土柱溶淋实验模拟1年降水,研究电解脱水污泥对环境的风险。结果表明经过电解脱水、机械压滤脱水后的污泥对土壤持水、保水能力有较好的效果;选用电解脱水污泥作为土壤改良剂,模拟1年自然降水后,对渗滤液中Cu、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni等重金属含量进行测定,初步判定电解脱水污泥的污染风险较小。     

2000-2020年污水系统N2O相关研究文献计量学分析

污水系统是温室气体氧化亚氮(N₂O)的重要排放源,近年来相关的研究工作层出不穷。利用文献计量学方法,系统地分析了2000-2020年污水系统N₂O的研究进展。分析发现,污水系统N₂O相关论文发表数量逐年增多,且主要来源于中国。早期以N₂O的产生过程、污水处理系统与影响因素等研究为主。而近期研究更多关注了污水系统中污泥在堆肥过程中产生与排放的N₂O、生物炭在N₂O减排上的应用及相关微生物种群的分析。后续研究可进一步关注回收N₂O作为能量物质的相关工艺,并尝试将实际污水处理系统大数据与模型工具进行结合,从而对实际污水处理系统的运行及优化提供参考。     

现代生活垃圾卫生填埋场的研究现状及存在的问题

现代生活垃圾卫生填埋场是处理生活垃圾的一个最有效、最安全的方法,国内外学者针对与垃圾填埋场相关的岩土工程问题已经做了大量的研究工作,但是仍然有很多问题没有引起足够的关注。在此总结国内外学者研究现状的基础上提出了需要进一步研究的一系列问题,并在初步研究的基础上提出了一些预防建议。     

酸洗对铁屑处理地下水中硝酸盐的影响

以人工配置含硝酸钠地下水为研究对象,采用静态烧杯试验研究了铁粉表面酸洗对靖酸盐氮的去除的影响。研究表明在试验条件下铁屑表面经过酸洗后,硝酸盐去除率可提高10％左右。采用扫描电镜（SEM）对酸洗前后的铁粉进行表面特征扫描分析表明酸洗前后表面存在很大差异,酸洗可去除铁屑表面的氧化层,从而增加铁屑与硝酸盐反应的比表面积,提高其反应效率。研究表明在应用工业铁屑现场修复地下水硝酸盐污染时,应考虑铁屑表面的酸洗处理。     

印染行业污泥资源化技术研究和工程示范

印染行业是传统的劳动密集型产业,也是耗水大户,江浙地区是我国印染行业的集中区域。从资源化利用和实用的角度出发,针对江苏无锡某工业园区的印染污泥进行了试验研究,并根据研究结果,以常规的板框压滤工艺为主体,建设了40 t/d的印染污泥高压板框压滤脱水的示范工程。运行表明:压滤后污泥含水率平均值低于60%,并满足其作为原料送给火电厂掺烧的热值要求,达到了污泥减量化和资源化的目的。按照此示范工程处理能力估算,污泥减排率≥90%,年减排折合标准煤850 t以上。同时,压滤产生的废水通过"混凝沉淀+三维电催化氧化"预处理后,纳管排入园区的污水处理厂,未出现二次污染。     

浅海平台油气火灾事故模拟评估应用

全球海洋油气开发重特大火灾事故频发,油气生产安全面临严峻挑战,以我国浅海某中心平台组为研究对象,对可能发生的三相分离器喷射火火灾、管线交叉处喷射火火灾、生产平台池火火灾以及储罐平台池火火灾,采用FDS软件建立该平台组的火灾动力学模型,对油气泄漏后火灾的发展态势、火场温度、热辐射强度、设备温度以及不同火灾工况的对比分析,研究火灾发生后对人员伤害,以及平台上油气管线、分离器、油气储罐、平台栈桥等重要设备安全性的影响,并提出操作人员和重要设备的安全距离。针对火灾事故风险控制提出建议措施,对海上火灾风险分析未来研究方向进行阐述。     

镉污染土壤淋洗剂研究进展

随着工农业的发展,土壤重金属污染问题日益突出,土壤污染治理已成为农业和环境等相关领域的研究热点。以土壤重金属污染中最严重的镉污染治理为研究目标,以化学淋洗剂为研究对象,综合评述了不同类型淋洗剂的洗脱机理、淋洗效果和影响因素,推荐了适用于不同镉污染土壤的淋洗剂,并对现阶段国内外镉污染土壤淋洗剂研究中存在的问题和研究方向进行了总结和展望。研究认为土壤镉污染复合淋洗技术的机理研究,淋洗技术的示范和推广,适用低渗透土壤的淋洗剂研发,淋洗下土壤及环境的变化研究,淋洗剂投放后土壤修复的数值模拟研究,低成本、高效率生物表面活性剂、螯合剂、土壤缓冲剂的开发,以及开展多学科的交叉融合研究等是未来镉污染土壤淋洗技术研究的主要方向。     

The future of global warming: will it be emissions control or environmental damages?

This paper explores the role of risk perceptions in influencing public policy related to global warming. It solves for the optimal paths for emissions, abatement and investment in pollution-eliminating research by incorporating perceived risks into public decision making. It also compares the impact of differential risk perceptions on international collaboration on carbon abatement. Key findings are that the perception of risks related to environmental damages and technological breakthroughs plays an important role in determining the level of mitigation efforts. A high level of perceived risk of environmental damages discourages investment in pollution-eliminating research as there are few benefits from eliminating pollution after damages are realized. Other options that allow for sequestering carbon from the atmosphere may still remain viable. Another key finding is that when it comes to effort sharing between nations, differential mitigation efforts are primarily caused due to the differences in abatement technology, benefits from emissions and research capabilities. However, such differences could be accentuated or mitigated depending upon the differences in risk perception of developed and developing countries.     

基于产品水足迹核算的印染企业生产节水潜力分析:案例研究

针对目前我国工业企业节水潜力分析准确程度不足的现状,以纺织印染企业为对象,根据水足迹评价方法建立了印染企业产品水足迹精确测算方法,从产品层面说明回用水和雨水收集对于水足迹的削减作用.结果表明,应用水回用及雨水收集利用后,单位产品新鲜水用量降低了11.3%,单位产品总工业用水量降低了10.4%.本研究将水平衡分析、水足迹评价与印染企业自身特点相结合,为企业内产品生产层面的节水分析提供了依据,并为企业的精细化节水路线设计提供了支持.     

A bibliometric review of nitrogen research in eutrophic lakes and reservoirs

The global application of nitrogen is far greater than phosphorus, and it is widely involved in the eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs. We used a bibliometric method to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate nitrogen research in eutrophic lakes and reservoirs to reveal research developments, current research hotspots, and emerging trends in this area. A total of 2695 articles in the past 25 years from the online database of the Scientific Citation Index Expended(SCI-Expanded) were analyzed. Articles in this area increased exponentially from 1991 to 2015.Although the USA was the most productive country over the past 25 years, China achieved the top position in terms of yearly publications after 2010. The most active keywords related to nitrogen in the past 25 years included phosphorus, nutrients, sediment, chlorophyll-a, carbon,phytoplankton, cyanobacteria, water quality, modeling, and stable isotopes, based on analysis within 5-year intervals from 1991 to 2015 as well as the entire past 25 years. In addition, researchers have drawn increasing attention to denitrification, climate change, and internal loading. Future trends in this area should focus on:(1) nutrient amounts, ratios, and major nitrogen sources leading to eutrophication;(2) nitrogen transformation and the bioavailability of different nitrogen forms;(3)nitrogen budget, mass balance model, control, and management;(4) ecosystem responses to nitrogen enrichment and reduction, as well as the relationships between these responses; and(5)interactions between nitrogen and other stressors(e.g., light intensity, carbon, phosphorus, toxic contaminants, climate change, and hydrological variations) in terms of eutrophication.     

临近空间环境对飞艇蒙皮织物材料力学性能的影响研究

目的研究飞艇蒙皮材料在临近空间环境下的力学特性。方法根据临近空间环境的特征参数,制定空间环境地面模拟实验方案,包括高低温、紫外环境和臭氧环境下地面模拟实验方案。然后以聚氨酯涂覆Nylon织物为例,研究临近空间环境对飞艇蒙皮材料力学特性的影响,并通过红外红外光谱和原子力显微镜研究其影响机理。结果与未经高低温循环相比,弹性模量增加了11%,拉伸强度的最大变化不超过5%;经过48～240h紫外线辐照后,弹性模量提高了22%～34%,拉伸强度几乎没有变化;通过臭氧老化后,材料弹性模量的增加幅值约为6%,拉伸强度逐渐降低。结论紫外辐射对于聚氨酯涂覆Nylon织物材料弹性模量的提升效应大于高低温和臭氧老化,但对其强度的影响明显小于高低温和臭氧老化,臭氧老化对材料强度影响大于高低温和紫外辐射。     

Are mammal olfactory signals hiding right under our noses?

Chemical communication via olfactory semiochemicals plays a central role in the social behaviour and reproduction of mammals, but even after four decades of research, only a few mammal semiochemicals have been chemically characterized. Expectations that mammal chemical signals are coded by quantitative relationships among multiple components have persisted since the earliest studies of mammal semiochemistry, and continue to direct research strategies. Nonetheless, the chemistry of mammal excretions and secretions and the characteristics of those semiochemicals that have been identified show that mammal semiochemicals are as likely to be single compounds as to be mixtures, and are as likely to be coded by the presence and absence of chemical compounds as by their quantities. There is very scant support for the view that mammal semiochemicals code signals as specific ratios between components, and no evidence that they depend on a Gestalt or a chemical image. Of 31 semiochemicals whose chemical composition is known, 15 have a single component and 16 are coded by presence/absence, one may depend on a ratio between two compounds and none of them are chemical images. The expectation that mammal chemical signals have multiple components underpins the use of multivariate statistical analyses of chromatographic data, but the ways in which multivariate statistics are commonly used to search for active mixtures leads to single messenger compounds and signals that are sent by the presence and absence of compounds being overlooked. Research on mammal semiochemicals needs to accommodate the possibility that simple qualitative differences are no less likely than complex quantitative differences to encode chemical signals.     

一株耐辐射枯草芽孢杆菌的辐照抗性研究

研究室经过对枯草芽孢杆菌黑色变种进行了两次中子辐照,一次γ辐照和一次紫外线辐照,筛选得到了一株辐射抗性较强的菌株,称为耐辐射株.为了系统地考察这株耐辐射株的辐照抗性,分别以芽孢和营养体为材料,研究了其对中子、脉冲X光和紫外线的耐受性.结果显示,这株耐辐射株与原菌相比,对不同射线的耐受性都有不同程度的提高.但对于不同的辐...     

Brain mechanisms that control sleep and waking

This review paper presents a brief historical survey of the technological and early research that laid the groundwork for recent advances in sleep–waking research. A major advance in this field occurred shortly after the end of World War II with the discovery of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) as the neural source in the brain stem of the waking state. Subsequent research showed that the brain stem activating system produced cortical arousal via two pathways: a dorsal route through the thalamus and a ventral route through the hypothalamus and basal forebrain. The nuclei, pathways, and neurotransmitters that comprise the multiple components of these arousal systems are described. Sleep is now recognized as being composed of two very different states: rapid eye movements (REMs) sleep and non-REM sleep. The major findings on the neural mechanisms that control these two sleep states are presented. This review ends with a discussion of two current views on the function of sleep: to maintain the integrity of the immune system and to enhance memory consolidation.This article is based in part on material in the book The neural control of sleep and waking (J. Siegel, 2002).     

提取粉煤灰有价成分后固体残渣制备微晶玻璃

为解决粉煤灰提取有价成分后固体残渣中由于含氟硅酸盐而难以利用的问题,利用氟硅酸盐在微晶玻璃制备中可作成核剂的特性,提出了将两条工艺路线相结合的新方法,即以该类固体残渣为原料制备微晶玻璃,实现此类固体废物的资源化利用。通过等温晶化制度对产品进行晶化处理。研究表明,晶化产物中生成了大量以镁橄榄石为主晶相的微晶体,该方法是可行的。     

A dynamic conceptualization of power for sustainability research

This paper takes up the challenge of providing a conceptual power framework to be used in the context of sustainability research. First, challenges of sustainability research are discussed by focusing specifically on recent insights from Integrated Sustainability Assessment (ISA), and on that basis some requirements for concepts to be used in sustainability research are postulated. It is argued that two of the most important aspects of sustainability assessment research are the long-term dynamics of change and an interdisciplinary paradigm. Second, a dynamic power framework is presented that was developed in the context of research on socio-technical sustainability transitions, including the basics of this power framework as well as some empirical illustrations. Third, it is discussed how the presented power framework deals with time, change and long-term dynamics, and how this contributes to the state-of-the-art. Fourth, it is indicated how the power framework integrates interdisciplinary and ‘interparadigmaticatic’ research requirements, and how this contributes to the state-of-the art. In conclusion, the arguments are summarized and some challenges for future research are distilled.     

固废填埋长期环境安全和寿命预测研究综述

我国固废填埋场数量多、运行水平低、设施老化快、预期寿命偏短且寿命到期后老化严重.与此相对,固废填埋场寿命相关研究却存在关注度较少、研究方向不明确、研究内容不系统等问题.本文综述了通用工程领域寿命预测的基本概念及其发展历程,分门别类地梳理工程寿命预测的主要研究对象和研究方法;在此基础上,结合固体废物填埋工程和实际特征,系...     

环境权的确立及法定化

以保护私人权利为核心内容的传统权利观在保护环境上存在缺陷。经过近半世纪的理论研究与实践,环境权被国际社会公认为公民的一项基本人权,各国根据国情不同采取不同的环境权法定化模式。我国应当在宪法中明确规定环境权,将环境权在环境保护法中具体化,并加强民法、诉讼法和刑法等配套法律制度建设,保证公民环境权真正实现。     

中国乡村旅游研究历程与新时代发展趋向

通过系统的文献梳理,回顾总结了中国乡村旅游的研究历程,将其划分为初级化应用研究（1992—2005年）、多元化拓展研究（2006—2015年）和融合性深化研究（2016年至今）三个阶段,分析了各阶段的时代背景和研究价值取向,借助CiteSpace知识图谱分析,揭示了研究主题的变化过程与研究特征。结合新时代乡村振兴战略和旅游发展需求,阐述乡村旅游的基本特性,构建了新时代乡村旅游的研究框架,提出了主要科学问题,并对乡村旅游的研究趋向及其学术创新进行了展望。强调乡村性和游憩性构成了乡村旅游的基本特性。应围绕新时代的国家战略及高质量发展要求,紧跟国际学术前沿,立足于中国乡村旅游研究的本土实践,将产业、生态、文化、治理、生活作为核心要素,构建“五位一体”的乡村旅游研究基本框架;聚焦乡村地域系统及其复杂性、关键性旅游科学问题,加强研究平台与专业人才建设,综合集成多学科理论和技术方法,强化数据驱动与科技赋能,深入揭示乡村旅游推动乡村振兴的过程、格局、机制和规律,探索中国特色的乡村旅游振兴发展模式与路径;不断推动理论研究深化、实践应用创新和乡村旅游学发展,提高乡村旅游学术水平、创新能力、服务价值和国际化水平。