Characteristics and anthropogenic sources of carbonyl sulfide in Beijing

Atmospheric mixing ratios of carbonyl sulfide (COS) in Beijing were intensively measured from March 2011 to June 2013. COS mixing ratios exhibited distinct seasonal variation, with a maximum average value of 849 ± 477 pptv in winter and a minimal value of 372 ± 115 pptv in summer. The seasonal variation of COS was mainly ascribed to the combined effects of vegetation uptake and anthropogenic emissions. Two types of significant linear correlations (R² > 0.66) were found between COS and CO during the periods from May to June and from October to March, with slopes (ΔCOS/ΔCO) of 0.72 and 0.14 pptv/ppbv, respectively. Based on the emission ratios of COS/CO from various sources, the dominant anthropogenic sources of COS in Beijing were found to be vehicle tire wear in summer and coal burning in winter. The total anthropogenic emission of COS in Beijing was roughly estimated as 0.53 ± 0.02 Gg/year based on the local CO emission inventory and the ΔCOS/ΔCO ratios.     

2017年汾渭平原东部大气颗粒物污染特征分析

高度集中的煤炭产业和繁忙的交通运输使得汾渭平原成为全国污染最严重的地区之一.利用中国环境监测总站发布的大气环境监测资料,以统计的方法分析了2017年汾渭平原东部三门峡市、运城市、渭南市、洛阳市的颗粒物质量浓度演变特征,并与北京市开展对比分析.结果表明:①2017年汾渭平原东部颗粒物污染形势较为严峻,ρ（PM_2.5）年均值范围为61~75 μg/m3,高于北京市（58 μg/m3）,ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（PM₁₀）范围为0.47~0.57,远低于北京市的0.66,说明汾渭平原东部一次颗粒物的贡献更为显著.②与北京市相比,汾渭平原东部重污染有效时数较长,在三门峡市、运城市、渭南市和洛阳市出现PM_2.5重度及以上污染过程的时数分别占全年总时数的6.56%、8.91%、9.23%和9.10%.但由于汾渭平原东部重污染期间颗粒物质量浓度较北京市低,因此造成汾渭平原东部和北京市重度及以上污染过程中颗粒物质量浓度平均值在颗粒物质量浓度年均值中占比基本相同.③汾渭平原东部颗粒物质量浓度的周变化特征与北京市有显著区别.④重污染期间,汾渭平原东部ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）的日变化特征与ρ（SO₂）相同,均呈白天高、夜间低的特征,而北京市ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）的日变化特征与ρ（SO₂）相反,呈白天低、夜间高的特征,说明汾渭平原东部特殊的能源结构、边界层动力演变和局地环流造成高架点源对重污染期间污染物质量浓度的影响较显著.研究显示,汾渭平原东部应该加强重污染期间高架点源的管控.      

北京及周边地区大气羰基化合物的时空分布特征初探

利用2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）/HPLC方法,于2010年6月24日、7月22日、8月24日、9月14日（夏季）和2011年1月13日（冬季）,在北京及周边地区38个采样点组织5次同步观测,测定了大气中23种羰基化合物的浓度水平.观测结果表明,北京市各类站点夏季和冬季的总羰基化合物体积分数分别为（16.38±6.03）×10-9,（8.50±5.27）×10-9;周边城市夏季和冬季的体积分数分别为（13.19±5.71）×10-9,（13.05±2.44）×10-9.区域大气中最主要的羰基化合物是甲醛、乙醛和丙酮,三者约占总羰基化合物浓度的78%～91%.夏季羰基化合物的浓度水平明显高于冬季,并且上午09：00～12：00时段的浓度高于下午13：00～16：00时段的浓度.在空间分布上,北京市夏季羰基化合物的高值区主要集中在交通密集的主城区,而冬季受西北风影响呈现由西北向东南递增的趋势.夏季,机动车尾气对大气羰基化合物有显著的一次和二次贡献,同时在不利的气象条件影响下,造成城市地区羰基化合物的污染现象.冬季,大气羰基化合物以一次排放为主,燃煤和机动车可能是主要的污染源.     

火花放电条件下CS_2转化为COS的反应

利用火花放电技术模拟研究了自然界闪电作用下CS₂转化为COS的反应. 结果表明, 放电条件(电压3000 V)下CS₂(初始分压为1.33×10³ Pa)能与空气(25 ℃, 10³ Pa)中的氧气、水蒸气作用, 转化为COS以及其他含硫含碳产物(CO、CO₂、SO₂等); CS₂初始分压、水蒸气和放电时间等因素对COS生成量有明显的影响. 并在实验基础上结合多种理论, 探讨了相关过程的大气闪电反应机理. 这些结果可为自然界闪电条件下的硫循环、碳循环过程的研究提供重要依据.     

Ground-high altitude joint detection of ozone and nitrogen oxides in urban areas of Beijing

Based on observational data of ozone(O3) and nitrogen oxide(NOx) mixing ratios on the ground and at high altitude in urban areas of Beijing during a period of six days in November 2011,the temporal and spatial characteristics of mixing ratios were analyzed.The major findings include:urban O3 mixing ratios are low and NOx mixing ratios are always high near the road in November.Vertical variations of the gases are significantly different in and above the planetary boundary layer.The mixing ratio of O3 is negatively correlated with that of NOx and they are positively correlated with air temperature,which is the main factor directly causing vertical variation of O3 and NOx mixing ratios at 600-2100m altitude.The NOx mixing ratios elevated during the heating period,while the O3 mixing ratios decreased:these phenomena are more significant at high altitudes compared to lower altitudes.During November,air masses in the urban areas of Beijing are brought by northwesterly winds,which transport O3 and NOx at low mixing ratios.Due to Beijing’s natural geographical location,northwest air currents are beneficial to the dilution and dispersion of pollutants,which can result in lower O3 and NOx background values in the Beijing urban area.     

江西赣州站大气CO2和CH4浓度变化特征研究

通过分析2018年12月—2019年11月江西赣州站大气CO₂和CH₄浓度高精度在线观测资料,对其CO₂和CH₄浓度变化特征进行了研究,分析了区域大气输送的影响以及潜在排放源区分布特征.结果表明：研究期内赣州站CO₂和CH₄的平均浓度分别为433.1×10^-6和2142.5×10^-9.赣州站CO₂和CH₄浓度日变化均表现为日间低、早晚高,CO₂浓度日振幅在夏季最大,为29.7×10^-6,冬季最小,为6.9×10^-6.CH₄浓度日振幅在秋季最大,为145.1×10^-9,冬季最小,为41.4×10^-9.CO₂本底浓度季节变化表现为4—8月迅速下降,8—11月逐渐上升,最大值出现在1月,最小值出现在8月,季节振幅为26.2×10^-6.CH₄本底浓度季节变化表现为1—7月逐渐下降,7—9月逐渐上升,最大值出现在1月,最小值出现在7月,季节振幅为79.5×10^-9,基本可代表江西赣州地区混合均匀大气的CO₂和CH₄季节变化状况.与南昌站对比分析表明,赣州站各季节CO₂和CH₄本底浓度均低于南昌站.赣州地区CO₂和CH₄潜在源区主要分布在江西北部、湖北东部、安徽南部和珠江三角洲地区.     

2013年1月北京市PM2.5区域来源解析

2013年1月,北京地区经历了多次严重的灰霾天气,细颗粒物污染已成为北京地区所面临的重要问题.了解和掌握北京细颗粒物的污染来源,是解决细颗粒物污染的重要途径,也是制定防治政策的重要依据.通过建立三维空气质量模型系统,对2013年1月20~24日的污染过程进行模拟,并运用PSAT技术探究北京市细颗粒物污染的区域来源.结果表明,本地源排放是北京市PM2.5的主要来源,平均贡献率为34%;河北和天津的平均贡献率分别为26%和4%;京津冀周边地区及模拟边界外的贡献分别为12%和24%.在重污染日,区域传输对北京市PM2.5的影响显著增强,是北京PM2.5污染的主要来源.PM2.5中的硝酸盐主要来自北京市周边地区的贡献,而硫酸盐和二次有机气溶胶呈现远距离传输的特性,铵盐和其他组分则主要来自北京本地的贡献.     

Carbonyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfide fluxes in an urban lawn and adjacent bare soil in Guangzhou, China

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) fluxes from an urban Cynodon dactylon lawn and adjacent bare soil were measured during April–July 2005 in Guangzhou, China. Both the lawn and bare soil acted as sinks for COS and sources for DMS. The mean fluxes of COS and DMS in the lawn (–19.27 and 18.16 pmol/(m2 sec), respectively) were significantly higher than those in the bare soil (–9.89 and 9.35 pmol/(m2 sec), respectively). Fluxes of COS and DMS in mowed lawn were also higher than those in bare soils. Both COS and DMS fluxes showed diurnal variation with detectable but much lower values in the nighttime than in the daytime. COS fluxes were related significantly to temperature and the optimal temperature for COS uptake was 29°C. While positive linear correlations were found between DMS fluxes and temperature. COS fluxes increased linearly with ambient COS mixing ratios, and had a compensation point of 336 ppt.     

水稻土中胱氨酸分解产生含硫气体的研究

测定在室内培养情况下南京水稻土中挥发性含硫气体的释放．结果表明,该土壤中产生Ｈ２Ｓ、羰基硫（ＣＯＳ）和二甲基硫（ＭＤＳ）气体．当土壤中加入胱氨酸后,检测到甲硫醇（ＣＨ３ＳＨ）、二硫化碳（ＣＳ２）、ＣＯＳ、Ｈ２Ｓ和ＤＭＳ气体．除ＤＭＳ之外,这些气体的释放量随胱氨酸添加量增加而增加．据此推测,水稻土中胱氨酸的分解可能是ＣＨ３ＳＨ、ＣＳ２、ＣＯＳ、Ｈ２Ｓ等４种气体产生释放的来源之一．在厌氧条件（充氮淹水）下检测到的含硫气体低于好氧条件（普通大气淹水）．光照、ｐＨ值、土壤含水量等对含硫气体的释放量均有影响     

天津市PM2.5浓度时空分布特征及重污染过程来源模拟分析

天津市多发生以PM_2.5为首要污染物的重污染事件,明确ρ（PM_2.5）时空分布特征及重污染过程来源对PM_2.5的综合治理意义深远.利用天津市2014-2017年环境资料和2016年气象资料,结合WRF-Chem模式研究了天津市ρ（PM_2.5）时空分布特征及重污染过程来源.结果表明:①自2014年以来,天津市ρ（PM_2.5）呈逐年下降趋势.②ρ（PM_2.5）月变化曲线呈"U"型分布,呈冬春季高、夏秋季低的季节性特征;ρ（PM_2.5）日变化呈双峰型分布,主峰值出现在08:00-09:00,次峰值出现在21:00-翌日00:00.③各季节天津市ρ（PM_2.5）空间分布不同,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季高值中心分别位于天津市西南部的静海区、中心城区北部的北辰区、西部的武清区及北部的蓟州区.④WRF-Chem模式模拟的天津市秋冬季污染物来源结果表明,本地源贡献率为56%,外来源输送贡献率为44%,其中以河北省和山东省的输送为主.2016年12月16-22日天津市一次重污染过程的模拟结果表明,天津市本地源贡献率为49.6%,河北省、北京市和山东省的外来源输送贡献率分别为32.2%、7.0%和2.2%.污染前期,不利气象条件和外来源输送造成天津市ρ（PM_2.5）聚集并形成重度污染;污染持续过程中,本地源贡献率逐渐增大并占主导地位.研究显示,近年来天津市ρ（PM_2.5）呈下降趋势,并有明显的空间分布特征.      

焦作市大气污染时空分布特征及来源分析

焦作市是京津冀地区"2+26"通道城市之一.为研究焦作市大气污染特征,于2016年1月-2018年2月使用3个国控站点（马村区生态环境局、焦作市生态环境局和高新区政府）大气环境监测数据,以及2018年1月焦作市边界站PM_2.5及其化学组分（水溶性离子和碳组分）监测数据进行分析.结果显示:焦作市大气污染以PM_2.5污染为主,2017年ρ（NO₂）、ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（CO）和ρ（SO₂）平均值分别为42.4 μg/m3、79.0 μg/m3、136.5 μg/m3、1.42 mg/m3和38.3 μg/m3,较2016年分别下降了10.5%、10.6%、11.2%、20.7%和37.6%.在时间分布上,大气污染物质量浓度日变化具有明显的季节性特征,春、夏两季ρ（NO₂）日变化较秋、冬两季呈更宽的"U型",ρ（SO₂）峰值出现在12:00左右,推测原因与夜间高架源排放有关;在空间分布上,本地一次污染排放可能主要来自市区工地扬尘、西南地区交通源和东部污染点源.观测期间,ρ（NO₃-）、ρ（NH₄+）和ρ（SO₄2-）较高,平均值分别为39.42、23.66和23.01 μg/m3,分别占水溶性离子质量浓度的41.8%、25.1%和24.4%,占ρ（PM_2.5）的27.4%、16.4%和16.0%.污染天的NOR（氮转化率）（0.35）和SOR（硫转化率）（0.43）明显高于清洁天的NOR（0.25）和SOR（0.18）,表明污染天NO₂和SO₂二次转化程度更高.SOR和NOR随相对湿度的增加而增加,表明相对湿度较高时有利于NO₂和SO₂的二次转化.污染天和清洁天ρ（SOC）（SOC为二次有机碳）估算值分别为19.79和3.51 μg/m3,分别占ρ（OC）的79.4%和54.9%,占ρ（PM_2.5）的9.8%和10.4%,表明焦作市SOC对OC有较大的贡献.PSCF（潜在源贡献因子法）结果表明,本地源是影响焦作市秋、冬两季PM_2.5的主要潜在源,太行山南麓区域输送也对其有一定贡献.研究显示,焦作市大气污染较严重,本地一次排放、二次转化和区域输送是焦作市PM_2.5的主要来源.      

菏泽市秋冬季PM2.5水溶性离子化学特征分析

为深入研究菏泽市秋冬季PM_2.5中水溶性离子污染特征,于2017年10月15日-2018年1月31日对菏泽市3个监测点同步进行PM_2.5的采集和分析,分析探讨了不同污染程度下ρ（PM_2.5）及水溶性离子化学特征.结果表明:①菏泽市秋冬季PM_2.5呈区域污染特征.②整个观测期间,ρ（PM_2.5）范围为26.72~284.10 μg/m3,平均值为103.27 μg/m3,其中水溶性离子对ρ（PM_2.5）贡献率较大,为44.65%~49.87%;SNA（NO₃-、NH₄+、SO₄2-的统称）的占比较高,SNA占总水溶性离子质量浓度的86.88%,说明二次气溶胶为菏泽市大气PM_2.5中的重要组成部分.③SNA三角图解和水溶性离子相关性结果表明,采样期间大气中NO₃-、SO₄2-可能以NH₄NO₃、（NH₄）₂SO₄形式存在;ρ（Cl-）与ρ（K+）相关性较高（清洁天和污染天的相关系数分别为0.79和0.81）,由此推测Cl-与K+具有同源性,二者主要源于生物质燃烧.④重度及以上污染天的SOR（硫氧化率）和NOR（氮氧化率）分别为0.54和0.37,分别是清洁天的2.08和2.06倍;轻/中污染天的SOR和NOR分别为0.37和0.29,分别是清洁天的1.42和1.61倍.随着污染程度的加重,SO₂和NO₂向SO₄2-和NO₃-的二次转化增强.重污染日SOR、NOR和相对湿度均大于清洁天和轻/中度污染天,而温度则未表现出相似的变化趋势,说明非均相反应是菏泽市秋冬季SO₄2-和NO₃-形成的重要原因.研究显示,菏泽市污染呈区域性污染特征,二次气溶胶是菏泽市大气PM_2.5的重要组成部分,污染天ρ（NO₃-）、ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NH₄+）均与相对湿度呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）,均与温度呈负相关,表明在污染天高湿低温对SO₂、NO₂转化为SO₄2-、NO₃-有推动作用.      

北京市大气气溶胶PM2.5中极性有机化合物的测定

提出了用GC-MS分析大气细粒子中极性有机化合物的测定方法,给出了2类衍生化反应的最佳条件.标准物质工作曲线相关系数在0.995～1.000之间,仪器精密度为1%～10%,标准物质的标准偏差为3%～20%,实际样品的标准偏差为3%～17%,仪器定量限为0.1～4.0 ng·μL^-1.实测了北京市夏、秋、冬3季大气细粒子样品,定量极性有机化合物42种,其中一元羧酸30种、二元羧酸5种、无水单糖3种、甾醇类3种和苯甲酸,并对这些化合物的可能来源进行了探讨.     

北京及周边6个城市大气PM2.5中左旋葡聚糖及其异构体的时空分布特征

采集北京及周边6个城市春、夏、秋、冬这4个季节大气PM_2.5样品,用离子色谱法测定其中的左旋葡聚糖（LG）、甘露聚糖（MN）和半乳聚糖（GT）,对比这3种脱水聚糖与PM_2.5及有机碳（OC）的浓度水平和时空分布特征,应用SPSS 24.0软件分析了数据间的显著性差异.结果表明,6个城市PM_2.5、OC和LG浓度水平的季节分布规律高度相似,呈现冬季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 夏季,4个季节3种脱水聚糖的浓度水平有显著性差异.从空间角度分析3种脱水聚糖浓度水平,北京与天津、保定、石家庄无显著性差异,但北京与济南、郑州有显著性差异.根据6个城市的LG/MN和LG/（MN+GT）等浓度水平的比较,初步判断该区域PM_2.5中的生物质燃烧源主要来源于农作物秸秆和硬木.春季的PM_2.5污染过程中,北京、天津、石家庄和济南的左旋葡聚糖在PM_2.5中的含量变化基本保持稳定,显示该污染过程受生物质燃烧排放的影响较弱.     

Carbonaceous aerosols in PM10 and pollution gases in winter in Beijing

An intensive observation of organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) in PM10 and gaseous materials (SO2, CO, and O3,) was conducted continuously to assess the characteristics of wintertime carbonaceous aerosols in an urban area of Beijing, China. Results showed that the averaged total carbon (TC) and PM10 concentrations in observation period are 30.2±120.4 and 172.6±198.3 μ/m3, respectively. Average OC concentration in nighttime (24.9±19.6 μ/m3) was 40% higher than that in daytime (17.7±10.9 μ/m3). Average EC concentrations in daytime (8.8±15.2 μ/m3) was close to that in nighttime (8.9±15.1 μ/m3). The OC/EC ratios in nighttime ranging from 2.4 to 2.7 are higher than that in daytime ranging from 1.9 to 2.0. The concentrations of OC, EC, PM10 were low with strong winds and high with weak winds. The OC and EC were well correlated with PM10, CO and SO2, which implies they have similar sources. OC and EC were not well correlated with O3. By considering variation of OC/EC ratios in daytime and night time, correlations between OC and O3, and meteorological condition, we speculated that OC and EC in Beijing PM10 were emitted as the primary particulate form. Emission of motor vehicle with low OC/EC ratio and coal combustion sources with high OC/EC ratio are probably the dominant sources for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing in winter. A simple method was used to estimate the relative contribution of sources to carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10. Motor vehicle source accounts for 80% and 68%, while coal combustion accounts for 20% and 32% in daytime and nighttime, respectively in Beijing. Averagely, the motor vehicle and coal combustion accounted for 74% and 26%, respectively, for carbonaceous aerosols during the observation period. It points to the motor vehicle is dominant emission for carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing PM10 in winter period, which should be paid attention to control high level of PM10 in Beijing effectively.     

北京大气PM2.5中微量元素的浓度变化特征与来源

为了解北京大气细粒子中微量元素的污染水平和来源,在车公庄和清华园进行了连续1年、每周1次的PM_2.5采样和全样品分析.微量元素浓度的周变化大,尤以冬季为甚,相邻2周最大相差达1.6倍;但除冬季的平均浓度较高之外,其季节变化并不显著.微量元素的富集因子在春季最低,反映了频繁发生的沙尘天气的影响.Se、Br和Pb的浓度比来自于北京A层土壤中的含量要高出约1000～8000倍,表明它们主要来自于人为污染.其中Se的富集度最高,反映了北京细粒子来自于燃煤污染的特征.Pb的年均浓度(0.31μg·m^-3)虽然未超过WHO的年均标准,但与洛杉矶和布里斯班相比处于较高的水平;与Br、Se的比较分析表明,燃煤可能是Pb除机动车排放之外的另一个重要来源.     

北京清洁区大气颗粒物污染特征及长期变化趋势

清洁对照区表征了区域环境的影响,是全面评价城市大气环境质量变化的基础.本研究分析了北京清洁区定陵不同粒径颗粒物质量的历史监测数据,包括1980～2009年大气降尘、1991～2009年总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、2000～2009年可吸入颗粒物(PM10).结果表明,北京清洁区大气颗粒物总体呈下降趋势,年际短期变化受沙尘天...     

Characteristics and recent trends of sulfur dioxide at urban, rural, and background sites in North China: Effectiveness of control measures

SO₂ measurements made in recent years at sites in Beijing and its surrounding areas are performed to study the variations and trends of surface SO₂ at different types of sites in Northern China. The overall average concentrations of SO₂ are (16.8 ± 13.1) ppb, (14.8 ± 9.4) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb at China Meteorological Administration (CMA, Beijing urban area), Gucheng (GCH, relatively polluted rural area, 110 km to the southwest of Beijing urban area), and Shangdianzi (SDZ, clean background area, 100 km to the northeast of Beijing urban area), respectively. The SO₂ levels in winter (heating season) are 4-6 folds higher than those in summer. There are highly significant correlations among the daily means of SO₂ at different sites, indicating regional characteristics of SO₂ pollution. Diurnal patterns of surface SO₂ at all sites have a common feature with a daytime peak, which is probably caused by the downward mixing and/or the advection transport of SO₂-richer air over the North China Plain. The concentrations of SO₂ at CMA and GCH show highly significant downward trends (-4.4 ppb/yr for CMA and -2.4 ppb/yr for GCH), while a less significant trend (-0.3 ppb/yr) is identified in the data from SDZ, reflecting the character of SDZ as a regional atmospheric background site in North China. The SO₂ concentrations of all three sites show a significant decrease from period before to after the control measures for the 2008 Olympic Games, suggesting that the SO₂ pollution control has long-term effectiveness and benefits. In the post-Olympics period, the mean concentrations of SO₂ at CMA, GCH, and SDZ are (14.3 ± 11.0) ppb, (12.1 ± 7.7) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb, respectively, with reductions of 26%, 36%, and 13%, respectively, compared to the levels before. Detailed analysis shows that the differences of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction were not the dominant factors for the significant differences of SO₂ between the pre-Olympics and post-Olympics periods. By extracting the data being more representative of local or regional characteristics, a reduction of up to 40% for SO₂ in polluted areas and a reduction of 20% for regional SO₂ are obtained for the effect of control measures implemented for the Olympic Games.     

漯河市PM10和PM2.5中水溶性离子浓度特征及其来源解析

为了研究漯河市PM_2.5和PM₁₀及其水溶性离子变化特征,于2017年5月—2018年2月在漯河市3个采样点同步采集PM_2.5和PM₁₀样品,分别获得PM_2.5和PM₁₀有效样品191和190个.用离子色谱法分析样品中F-、Cl-、NO₃-、SO₄2-、Na+、NH₄+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+等9种水溶性无机离子.结果表明:在采样期间,漯河市ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为72.42 μg/m3,其中ρ（总无机水溶性离子）的年均值为34.76 μg/m3,占ρ（PM_2.5）的46.72%;ρ（PM₁₀）平均值为126.52 μg/m3,其中ρ（总无机水溶性离子）的年均值为46.40 μg/m3,占ρ（PM₁₀）的35.67%.2种颗粒物水溶性离子质量浓度的季节性变化均呈冬季高、夏季低的趋势.PM_2.5/PM₁₀〔ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（PM₁₀）〕在四季分别为0.50、0.61、0.56、0.57.采样期间漯河市PM_2.5中NOR（氮氧化率）和SOR（硫氧化率）的年均值分别为0.17和0.30,PM₁₀中NOR和SOR的年均值分别为0.22和0.34,说明颗粒物中SO₄2-的二次转化效率高于NO₃-.PM_2.5和PM₁₀在采样期间均呈弱碱性,且碱性在夏季最强,秋季最弱.利用PMF模型分析PM_2.5和PM₁₀中水溶性离子的主要来源发现,PM_2.5中水溶性离子来源主要包括生物质燃烧源、燃煤源、建筑扬尘源、工业源和二次污染源,PM₁₀中水溶性离子来源主要包括燃煤源、建筑扬尘源、二次污染源、生物质燃烧源和工业源.研究显示,漯河市颗粒物污染中水溶性离子来源复杂,应采取多源控制的污染防治措施.      

Size distributions and sources of elements in particulate matter at curbside, urban and rural sites in Beijing

Size distributions of 29 elements in aerosols collected at urban, rural and curbside sites in Beijing were studied. High levels of Mn, Ni, As, Cd and Pb indicate the pollution of toxic heavy metals cannot be neglected in Beijing. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates 4 sources of combustion emission, crust related sources, traffic related sources and volatile species from coal combustion. The elements can be roughly divided into 3 groups by size distribution and enrichment factors method (EFs). Group 1 elements are crust related and mainly found within coarse mode including Al, Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, Fe, Sr, Zr and Ba; Group 2 elements are fossil fuel related and mostly concentrated in accumulation mode including S, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Tl and Pb; Group 3 elements are multi-source related and show multi-mode distribution including Be, Na, K, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Mo, Sn and Sb. The EFs of Be, S, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Tl and Pb show higher values in winter than in summer indicating sources of coal combustion for heating in winter. The abundance of Cu and Sb in coarse mode is about 2-6 times higher at curbside site than at urban site indicating their traffic sources. Coal burning may be the major source of Pb in Beijing since the phase out of leaded gasoline, as the EFs of Pb are comparable at both urban and curbside sites, and about two times higher in winter than that in summer.