EGSB-BAF集成系统实现厌氧氨氧化、甲烷化和短程硝化反硝化

将膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)和曝气生物滤池(BAF)集成,EGSB出水进入BAF进行短程硝化,BAF出水外回流至EGSB反应器为后者提供亚硝态氮,在不需外部投加亚硝态氮的条件下,实现厌氧氨氧化、甲烷化和短程硝化反硝化的耦合, 系统地处理ρ(氨氮)为50 mg/L和ρ(COD_Cr)为500 mg/L的合成废水.结果表明:当外回流比为200%时,系统CODCr,氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为92.4%,97.4%和80.6%;出水ρ(氨氮),ρ(亚硝态氮),ρ(硝态氮)和ρ(COD_Cr)分别为1.05,4.30,2.56和35.3 mg/L;COD_Cr,总氮和氨氮的去除负荷速率分别为1.770,0.137和0.164 kg/(m3·d). 与传统的活性污泥过程相比,EGSB-BAF集成系统回收甲烷1.03 　L/d,占系统COD_Cr去除量的37.0%;在系统总氮的去除过程中,厌氧氨氧化途径占35.9%,短程反硝化途径占47.4%,全程反硝化途径占16.7%.      

含盐量对氨氮废水短程硝化性能的影响

利用沸石曝气生物滤池(ZBAF)实现对含盐氨氮废水中的氨氮进行短程硝化处理。在持续103 d的运行中,探究了进水氮容积负荷(NLR)为1.714 kg/(m~3·d),NaCl投加量为0、5.0、7.5、10.0、12.0、15.0、20.0、25.0 g/L时,ZBAF的短程硝化性能。结果表明,稳定运行阶段,亚硝氮积累率(NAR)始终高于97.0%。但随着NaCl投加量增加,氨氮转化效率(ARE)从最初的80%(0 g NaCl/L)下降至34.7%(25.0 g NaCl/L),亚硝氮产率(NPR)则由1.356 kg/(m~3·d)削减为0.600 kg/(m~3·d),NaCl投加量为20.0 g/L时,ZBAF短程硝化效果不如最初的50%。取NaCl盐度投加量为0、25.0 g/L时ZBAF中部的沸石进行高通量测序,结果表明:亚硝化功能菌纲Betaproteobacteria占比分别为48.3%、21.3%。在属的水平检测到氨氧化菌(AOB) Nitrosomonas,占比由44.9%减少至14.6%,这与未投加盐度时ZBAF良好的短程硝化效果相一致,同时表明NaCl盐度的引入,削弱了ZBAF的短程硝化效果。     

短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺处理煤气化废水

针对煤气化废水现有处理工艺存在的污染物去除效果差、运行成本高等问题,文章提出了短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化的处理工艺。将部分原水和经硝化阶段处理的原水按一定比例混合后进入短程反硝化阶段,充分利用原水中的COD作为短程反硝化碳源获得富含氨氮和亚硝氮的出水,保证了后续厌氧氨氧化自养脱氮过程能够正常进行。通过控制反应器温度在15～25℃、pH在8.0～8.5和少量有机碳源投加的措施实现了对短程反硝化过程的稳定控制,亚硝氮积累率高达85.7%。该实验最终出水总氮去除率可达87.0%,出水COD低于28.0 mg/L,氨氮低于4.8 mg/L,证明了短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺的可行性和高效性。同时,该工艺曝气能耗低、有机碳源和碱度消耗少,为厌氧氨氧化技术的应用提供了新的思路。     

猪场废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮的短程硝化反硝化预处理研究

在常温(13～20℃)、不调节pH的条件下,采用短程硝化反硝化预处理低C/N（2左右）猪场废水,考察了反硝化与亚硝化过程,并以经过短程硝化反硝化预处理的猪场废水为进水,分析了厌氧氨氧化的脱氮效果.结果表明,采用短程硝化反硝化预处理低C/N猪场废水,可以达到去除部分COD、部分脱氮、控制出水氨氮和亚硝态氮浓度之比在1∶1左右、pH在7.5～8.0左右的目的,为厌氧氨氧化创造了进水条件,全程COD和总氮平均去除率分别为64.3%和49.1%;经过短程硝化反硝化预处理的猪场废水,其厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果稳定,氨氮、亚硝态氮、总氮的平均去除率分别为91.8%、99.3%、84.1%.     

基于短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化的低碳源城市污水深度脱氮特性

短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化是一种新型生物脱氮技术,应用于城市污水深度脱氮有望大幅降低外碳源投加量.本研究接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,考察了短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化的深度脱氮性能与污泥特性.结果表明,接种厌氧氨氧化污泥可迅速启动短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化系统,在进水COD/TN为2.19±0.08时,出水TN浓度为(4.82±1.84)mg·L~(-1),实现了低碳源污水深度脱氮.系统粒径大于0.20 mm的污泥占86.16%,污泥实现了颗粒化,有助于厌氧氨氧化菌在系统内的有效持留.将短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化深度脱氮应用于城市污水处理厂二沉池出水深度脱氮,可降低外碳源投加量,同时可降低污水处理厂硝化池耗氧量.     

污水短程硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮中N2O释放量及控制策略

采用SBR反应器考察了短程硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化脱氮过程中N_2O的释放.通过实时控制策略实现了短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮,亚硝化率可维持在90%以上.在溶解氧水平为0.5、 1.0、 1.5和2.0 mg/L条件下,考察N_2O的释放和亚硝化率的变化情况.结果表明,溶解氧1.5 mg/L时最有利于维持稳定的亚硝化率,同时N_2O逸出量最小,每去除1 g氨氮释放N_2O 0.06 g;在碳纤维填料SBR反应器中,通过维持较低溶解氧水平和分段投加碳源的运行方式成功实现了同步硝化反硝化,同步硝化反硝化率在79%以上.在溶解氧水平为0.2、 0.4、 1.0和1.5 mg/L时,考察N_2O的逸出情况.结果表明,溶解氧在1.0 mg/L时最有利于控制N2O的释放,每去除1g氨氮释放N2O 0.021 g,其N_2O释放量仅为短程硝化反硝化的1/3.     

高浓度氨氮消化污泥脱水液半短程硝化试验研究

采用A/O工艺考察了消化污泥脱水液半短程硝化及维持的影响因素和控制方法.结果表明,在温度9～20℃、平均DO浓度5.4 mg/L、SRT 30 d左右时,进水氨氮负荷（以N计,下同）0.64 kg/(m³·d)的条件下启动,经过29 d实现了短程硝化,此后的65 d内,动态控制反应器游离氨FA>4 mg/L时,70%亚硝氮累积率的短程硝化得以维持;在实现短程硝化的基础上,进而实现了半短程硝化,出水氨氮与亚硝氮浓度比维持在1∶1.32左右;当氨氮负荷降至0.19 kg/(m³·d)时(FA<1 mg/L),短程遭到破坏,在不同FA下取样做FISH分析,进一步证明了高FA是维持半短程硝化的主要因素;在进水中COD为282 mg/L, C/N仅为0.85的条件下,由于实现了短程硝化,系统TN去除量约为91 mg/L.结果分析表明,消化污泥脱水液在中低温、高DO浓度、长SRT下,通过动态控制氨氮负荷和pH值等运行参数,在系统中维持适宜的FA浓度(>4 mg/L),可以实现并维持半短程硝化,为后续的厌氧氨氧化提供进水或回流到污水厂主流区而节省反硝化碳源.     

混合污泥接种的厌氧氨氧化处理污泥脱水液的启动

采用UASB反应器,接种由好氧颗粒污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥、氧化沟活性污泥及短程硝化活性污泥组成的混合污泥,以污泥脱水液经短程硝化处理后水质为进水,在温度(30±0.2)℃, pH值7.3~7.9,初期进水氨氮、亚硝氮容积负荷分别为0.07, 0.10kg/(m3×d)条件下,经过24d运行,氨氮和亚硝氮得到稳定同步去除,186d时TN去除负荷达0.99 kg/(m3×d).启动初期,氨氮、亚硝氮进水浓度分别为20,30mg/L,二者浓度随去除量增加而逐级增加,最高分别达到157,216mg/L;启动过程中,系统受到O2抑制以及O2和亚硝氮基质的连续抑制,分别经过了约10d和30d才得以恢复. 厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应与反硝化反应可以共存于系统中,产气量与总氮去除呈正比关系,可及时地指示系统运行状态,对气体成分检测,氮气含量在99.8%.在稳定期ANAMMOX反应呈pH值升高而碱度略有降低.接种混合污泥、低基质负荷启动ANAMMOX,可30d内实现稳定的氨氮和亚硝氮同步去除,180d左右启动成功.     

三种反硝化滤池深度脱氮中试

以污水厂实际二级出水为处理目标,通过中试试验研究了陶粒滤料反硝化生物滤池、固定床反硝化砂滤池和连续过滤连续反冲砂滤池的特性。以甲醇作为外加碳源,3种滤池均可实现出水平均总氮小于5 mg/L。不足量投加外碳源会出现出水亚硝态氮的积累。当进水TN为15 mg/L左右时,为达到出水TN小于5 mg/L,生物滤池、固定床砂滤池和连续过滤砂滤池建议滤速分别为不大于8,5.2,6.2 m/h;滤池反硝化碳源投加比例分别为4.28,3.0,3.2 g甲醇/gTN;对应的反硝化容积负荷平均值分别为1.1,0.8,1.2 kg/(m3·d)。进水组分分析发现,有机氮不是出水总氮小于5 mg/L的限制因素。     

投加介体强化低温污水生物反硝化脱氮的研究

冬季低温条件下,污水脱氮效果容易变差。研究了在低温(10±1)℃条件下,投加介体1,2-萘醌-4磺酸(NQS)对生物反硝化脱氮的影响。实验结果表明:当硝态氮的浓度为65~85 mg/L,温度控制在(10±1)℃条件时,生物的反硝化脱氮性能变差,但投加介体后可以显著改善这种性能,硝态氮的浓度从开始的84.27 mg/L降为64.34 mg/L,与空白实验硝态氮去除率的15.78%相比,投加介体可以使硝态氮的去除率提高到23.65%,脱氮速率达2.66 mg NO_x~--N/(g VSS·h)。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.