滇池湖滨带人工湿地削减规律研究探讨

文章分析了滇池湖滨带人工湿地各级结构单元的水质指标数据,从pH、SS、BOD5、COD、TP、TN的污染消减规律入手,深入探讨了人工湿地对污染河水的净化效果。结果表明:人工湿地系统对TP、TN的消减效果最好;COD消减效果最差;湿地构造及植物群落影响人工湿地对污水的净化能力。     

厌氧段-人工湿地处理污水高效稳定机理研究

针对农村生活污水中悬浮物(SS)影响人工湿地运行稳定性问题,该研究在人工湿地前增加折流板厌氧池形成厌氧段-人工湿地污水处理系统.为期36个月的生产性试验研究结果表明,常温下厌氧段对SS的去除率约80%,整套系统对COD、TN、TP去除率分别为80.95%、85.12%、68.15%;低温下系统对COD、TN、TP去除率...     

新型人工湿地对工业区降雨径流的净化研究

根据东莞市同沙水库集水区内工业区降雨径流的水质、水量特征,采用新型折流式人工湿地对其进行模拟及实地降雨径流净化研究.对人工湿地不同运行阶段模拟降雨径流的净化效果进行对比,分析COD、SS、TN、TP、NH4+-N以及重金属Pb、Zn、Cu在湿地系统中的沿程变化,探讨它们的主要去除机制.模拟净化研究中,除TN外,湿地系统出水各污染物均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类质量标准,TN达Ⅳ类标准;且大部分污染物在湿地前端被去除.实地降雨径流净化研究中,COD、SS、TN、TP及NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为90.9%、97.0%、83.4%、92.2%、90.0%;重金属Pb、Zn、Cu的平均去除率分别为98.4%、94.1%、93.6%,出水均能达地表Ⅲ类水标准.研究表明,折流式人工湿地系统对工业区降雨径流的净化效果显著,湿地系统具有较强抗冲击负荷能力.另外,小幅温度变化对湿地系统中污染物的去除影响不大.     

人工湿地对化粪池出水净化效果的对比研究

对比了四种复合人工湿地系统对化粪池出水COD、TP、NH3-N和SS的净化效果,试验系统均采用间歇式进水,时间间隔为1d。为期7个月的运行结果表明,系统出水水质均达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)中的二级标准,其中潜流(水平流)+垂直流(上行流)湿地系统对COD的去除效果最好;垂直流(下行流)+垂直流(上行流)湿地系统对TP、NH3-N、SS去除效果最好;选用含钙石灰石和含铁矿粉做填料、采用间歇式的运行方式可以提高湿地系统对污染物的去除率。     

用于人工湿地强化预处理的气浮加药研究

针对天津某人工湿地工艺研发了由溶气气浮设备和生物滤池组成的人工湿地预处理工艺。对生物滤池开展了稳定运行、反冲洗研究,并对生物滤池中的微生物进行分析;对河道水体中SS、COD、TN、TP去除效果进行试验,得出结论:当PAC和PAM投加量分别为30,1.5 mg/L时,出水中的COD、SS、TN和TP水质指标均符合《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放》一级A标准。     

一种多介质层波形潜流人工湿地处理重污染河水试验

我国河流污染严重,城市黑臭水体的比率日益增加。人工湿地作为一种高效低耗能的绿色处理技术,已被广泛应用于污染河水的治理。通过对比分析分层装填复合填料的多介质层波形潜流人工湿地和单一砾石填料的普通人工湿地处理重污染河水的效果,研究了特种基质填料强化脱氮除磷作用以及不同水力负荷条件的影响。试验结果表明:在水力负荷为0.2 m~3/(m~2·d)时,普通湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到55.95%、77.85%、39.80%和54.94%;多介质层湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到58.52%、75.99%、67.08%和57.31%。在水力负荷为0.5 m~3/(m~2·d)时,普通湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到68.46%、90.73%、42.13%和53.70%;多介质层湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到69.61%、89.94%、77.58%和68.63%,其脱氮效果明显好于普通湿地。以复合填料包分层装填的波形潜流人工湿地系统具有良好的脱氮除磷效果,有很好的推广应用价值。     

不同修复模式下湿地水质变化的短期效应分析

为探讨不同修复模式对水质的影响,从2009-03-2010-03跟踪监测了精养鱼塘、人工修复水域以及自然修复区3种不同水环境的NO3^--N、NH₄^--N,Chl a、DO、EC、TP、TN和COD等指标,从空间和时间的角度分析了人工修复和自然修复对水质的影响情况。结果表明:在修复研究期间,与精养鱼塘相比,人工修复区水体中TN、NO3^--N、TP、Chl a、COD等指标经过修复中期的短暂上升后均有显著下降（P<0.05）,水质有显著改善;自然修复区水质中TP、Chl a、COD等指标均有下降,而TN呈现显著上升（P<0.05）,水质总体有小幅改善趋势。在适当的人为干扰下,人工修复区能够在短期内对水质产生显著的改善效果。因此,积极且适当的人为干扰的湿地修复比自然恢复对水质的改良效果更加显著。     

人工湿地在工业园区污水厂尾水处理中的工程应用

针对工业园区污水处理厂出水中有机污染物、氮、磷等超标问题,采用"水平潜流+表面流"复合人工湿地工艺,对污水处理厂尾水进行深度净化。运行结果表明:湿地系统净化效果良好,运行稳定,对SS、COD、BOD5、TN、NO-3-N、NH3-N和TP平均去除率分别为58.3%、35.7%、47.4%、52.8%、65.4%、52.6%和53.6%,出水水质指标(除SS外)达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。该工程具有显著的生态效益和社会效益。     

人工湿地与臭氧联合处理技术用于以再生水为补水水源的景观湖净化

采用人工湿地与臭氧联合处理技术,深度净化以污水厂尾水为再生水的补水水源,及对景观湖水进行循环净化,保证景观湖水质和水量。介绍了系统的工艺设计,并对运行后的水质进行检测分析。人工湿地系统以净化后污水厂尾水作为景观湖补水,水力负荷为0.268 m~3/(m~2·d)时,COD和BOD_5去除率可达60%以上,氨氮和TN去除率达80%以上,TP去除率达70%。人工湿地用于湖水循环净化,水力负荷为1.07 m~3/(m~2·d)时,人工湿地对污染物的总去除率为40%~50%。为防止湖水富营养化,阶段性启动臭氧系统进行湖水脱色、除臭处理,当臭氧投加量为3 mg/L时,对色度去除率可达80%,对氨氮去除率可达40%以上。     

以建筑废砖为填料的人工湿地对农村生活污水的净化效果

采用建筑废砖为填料构建垂直流人工湿地,以常规碎石床湿地为对照,研究了建筑废砖人工湿地对农村生活污水的净化效果。结果表明:生活污水经废砖湿地系统处理后,出水比较稳定。废砖湿地系统对TP、TN和NH+4-N的去除效果显著高于常规碎石床湿地系统,其去除率分别可达到91%、66%和78%。废砖湿地系统与常规碎石床湿地对COD的去除率均较高,去除率可达90%左右。废砖湿地系统出水水质可满足GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物的排放标准》一级B及以上限值。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.