铁锰复合氧化膜同步去除地表水中氨氮和锰

在中试条件下,以石英砂为载体,利用表面负载的铁锰复合氧化膜同步去除地表水中的氨氮和锰,考察了氨氮和锰的去除效能及动力学过程.结果表明,活性氧化膜对地表水中氨氮和锰的去除率可达到90%以上.滤料对氨氮和锰的去除符合拟一级动力学关系,但其动力学常数ka随进水污染物浓度范围的不同而变化.滤速在4~13m/h之间,出水氨氮和锰均可达标;滤速增大,单位体积滤料对氨氮和锰的去除能力提升,去除污染物所需滤层厚度与滤速符合幂函数关系.活性氧化膜对地表水低温条件具有一定的适应性,温度降低至10℃,进水氨氮浓度2.0mg/L,锰浓度0.9mg/L,出水达到我国饮用水水质标准限制.     

不同铁锰浓度的低温铁锰氨地下水净化中氨氮去除途径

在某地下水除铁锰氨氮水厂,以中试滤柱开展了低温(5～6℃)、铁锰氨[Fe(Ⅱ) 0～19.26 mg·L~(-1)、Mn(Ⅱ) 0.52～2.05 mg·L~(-1)和NH~+_4-N 0.37～2.59 mg·L~(-1)]净化工艺实验研究,探究了不同铁锰浓度时氨氮的去除途径.结果表明,当保持进水锰浓度约为0.6 mg·L~(-1),提高进水亚铁浓度时,随着滤层中铁氧化物的增加,通过铁氧化物吸附去除的氨氮比例会升高,通过硝化作用去除的氨氮比例会降低,且吸附作用先于硝化作用.当保持进水亚铁浓度分别约为8 mg·L~(-1)和11 mg·L~(-1),提高进水锰浓度时,通过吸附去除的氨氮比例并没有随着锰氧化物的增加而增加,即氨氮的去除途径几乎未发生改变.其原因是,在滤层前20 cm形成的锰氧化物较少,对此范围内吸附的氨氮影响较小,锰氧化物的生成区域集中在滤层的20 cm以下,而绝大部分氨氮在该区域之前已经通过吸附和硝化作用去除,该区域中的锰氧化物并没有吸附氨氮.     

火山灰陶瓷滤料去除煤层气田产出水中铁锰的研究

为研究火山灰陶瓷滤料对煤层气采出水中铁、锰的去除效果,采用模拟配水分析了pH值、滤料厚度、滤速和运行时间对处理效果的影响,采用原水分析了反冲洗效果。结果表明:最佳pH为8,铁、锰去除率分别达到98.8%和98.4%;铁锰去除率与滤料厚度呈正相关关系,40 cm和60cm厚度的滤料对铁锰的去除率较为接近,分别为97.1%～97.5%和98.4%～98.8%;铁锰去除率与滤速呈负相关关系,滤速为1 m/h和2 m/h两种情况下的去除效果较为相近;原水实验在进行12h后,稳定性降低,铁锰的去除率分别降低至95.7%和80.4%。     

磷酸盐对铁锰复合氧化膜去除地表水中氨氮的影响

利用中试实验系统,研究磷酸盐对石英砂滤料表面负载的铁锰复合氧化膜去除地表水中氨氮的影响.结果表明,当水温为17.2~21.9℃时,随着运行时间的推移,未投加磷酸盐滤柱的氨氮去除效果有所下降;而投加5~15μg·L~(-1)磷酸盐滤柱的氨氮去除效果稳定,且去除率大于95.3%.当水温低于10.5℃时,滤柱出水氨氮浓度超标,此时通过提高磷酸盐投加量至30μg·L~(-1)或增加滤层厚度均可实现出水氨氮浓度达标.但随着系统持续运行,仅增加滤层厚度的滤柱出水氨氮浓度会再次超标.水温在6.5~10.5℃之间,投加30μg·L~(-1)磷酸盐的条件下,120 cm和80 cm活性滤层的最大安全进水氨氮浓度分别为2.34 mg·L~(-1)和1.95 mg·L~(-1).滤柱中生物灭活实验表明活性氧化膜对氨氮的去除同时包括催化氧化作用和生物作用;投加磷酸盐条件下,活性氧化膜的总活性和催化氧化活性分别是未投加磷酸盐条件的1.36倍和1.79倍,这表明磷酸盐促进了活性氧化膜的催化氧化活性.     

低温高铁锰氨氮地下水两级生物净化快速启动

为了实现东北地区低温（5~6℃）高铁、锰、氨氮（TFe：9~15mg/L，Fe²⁺：6~12mg/L，NH₃-N：1.4~2.0mg/L，Mn²⁺：1.4~2.0mg/L）地下水的净化及解决同层净化中运行稳定性差、出水锰超标的问题，在水厂净化车间开展“两级曝气+两级过滤”工艺启动研究，采用差滤速和同滤速2种启动方式分别启动两级生物净化工艺.结果表明，2种启动方式分别在106，59d启动成功.同滤速启动可以有效的缩短两级生物净化的启动时间，铁、锰、氨氮去除负荷可达110.69，18.80，19.54g/（m²·h），沿程分析发现，铁在一级滤柱的60cm处即被去除至痕量；85.08%的氨氮在一级滤柱中去除，沿程各段去除均匀，14.92%的氨氮在二级滤柱中去除；锰的去除率和氧化活性去除区位受滤速及进水氨氮浓度影响较大，33.72%的锰在一级滤柱中去除，66.28%的锰在二级滤柱中去除，锰的去除仍然是滤池成熟的决定性因素.     

台州长潭水库铁锰质量浓度变化特征及其成因分析

2013年1月以及4~12月对浙江省台州市长潭水库库区及其入库河流进行调查,同时结合历年监测数据,考察了水源水库中铁、锰质量浓度的变化特征,并依据水库水体温度、溶解氧(DO)随水体深度的变化,探讨了铁、锰超标的成因.结果表明,长潭水库水体中铁锰质量浓度季节性变化特征明显,铁、锰质量浓度在6~8月较高,水库出水口处历年最高值分别为2.38 mg·L-1和1.24 mg·L-1.铁、锰质量浓度超出《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 383822002)中0.3 mg·L-1和0.1 mg·L-1限值的情况主要发生在5~10月,2013年水库出水口处铁锰峰值分别超标5.6倍和12.4倍.入库河流铁锰质量浓度最高值分别为0.89 mg·L-1和0.56 mg·L-1,均小于同期水库出水口处铁锰质量浓度,综合分析表明外源污染并非库区水体铁锰的主要来源.7月铁锰在水库底层的质量浓度达到最大,分别为2.42 mg·L-1和1.20 mg·L-1.水体温度、溶解氧以及铁锰质量浓度在夏季的垂向分布特征表明水体热分层引起的季节性缺氧导致了沉积物中铁锰的释放,热分层效应引发的内源污染是库区水体铁锰超标的直接原因.水源水库铁锰污染的控制应该采用高效直接的原位水质改善和修复技术.     

含高浓度铁锰地下饮用水处理技术分析

含高铁锰地下水危害较大,以北方地区典型工程项目为例,开展含高浓度铁锰地下饮用水处理技术研究。先后采用曝气接触过滤氧化法和生物除锰法去除高铁高锰含量的地下水,在运行过程中仍然出现铁锰含量超标的现象。如果工艺进行大的调整,将花费较高的成本。经分析,采用调整锰砂滤料形状的方法提高滤料的表面积,进而实现提高地下水铁锰去除率。滤料改善前后,较改善滤料前出水铁和锰含量平均减少分别为32.8%和31.6%,实现水质达标。     

生物滤池净化含铁锰高氨氮地下水试验研究

以中试有机玻璃滤柱反应器进行伴生高浓度氨氮含铁锰地下水生物同步净化试验研究,结果表明,进水氨氮浓度高于2.0mg/L时,溶解氧浓度是限制锰与氨氮去除的主要原因.下向流底部曝气过滤运行(气水逆向)可解决溶解氧不足的问题,但滤柱滤水能力有限;上向流底部曝气过滤(气水同向)同样可以满足铁锰氨氮氧化需氧量,然而曝气扰动作用削弱了滤池过滤截留能力造成铁锰氧化物穿透滤层,致使滤层出水铁锰浓度无法满足标准要求,曝气量越大,其滤池截留能力越弱.     

低温高铁锰氨氮地下水生物同池净化

为实现低温(5~6℃)高铁锰氨氮[TFe 9.0~12.0 mg·L~(-1)、Fe(Ⅱ)6.5~8.0 mg·L~(-1),Mn(Ⅱ)1.9~2.1 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N 1.4~1.7 mg·L~(-1)]地下水生物同池净化,以中试模拟滤柱在某水厂进行了实验研究.结果表明,出水总铁在启动之初即能合格,出水氨氮和锰分别在72 d和75 d实现净化.工艺启动周期受培养温度和原水水质影响较大.滤速越大,锰的极限去除量越低,滤速≥1.0 m·h~(-1)时,锰的极限去除量为3.0 mg·L~(-1).锰是滤速提升的限制因素,工艺极限滤速是4.5m·h~(-1).滤速≤6.0 m·h~(-1)时,氨氮的极限去除量为1.5 mg·L~(-1),且不受滤速影响,溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)不足导致工艺对更高浓度氨氮净化失败.DO充足的条件下,工艺净化所需滤层厚度随锰和氨氮浓度增加而增厚.滤速增大会导致铁锰氨氧化去除区间向滤层深处位移,发生"锰"溶出现象.进一步分析表明,铁和氨氮在滤层内可同步氧化去除;锰的高效氧化去除区间与铁和氨氮的高效氧化去除区间存在明显分级.     

生物活性炭滤池修复地表水的研究

采用自行设计的生物滤池反应器去除地表水中的氮,考察了HRT、水力负荷和氨氮负荷对生物滤池出水水质的影响。结果表明:系统TN去除率随水力负荷的增加而下降,氨氮去除率无明显变化,水力负荷小于1.2 m3/(m2·d),TN去除率达到54%以上;在进水氨氮质量浓度为14.52~17.44 mg/L条件下,HRT为10 h时,生物滤池对氮去除效果较好;当HRT为6 h,进水氨氮负荷增加到0.048 kg/(m3·d)以上,氨氮和TN平均去除率分别为96%和31%。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.