温度与湿度对氨为添加剂脉冲放电烟气脱硫的影响

对脉冲放电烟气脱硫的实验研究与理论分析表明,ＳＯ２的除主要取决于ＮＨ３与ＳＯ２热化学反应;在单位体积烟气注入能量为０－５Ｗ·ｈ／ｍ＾,脉冲放电使ＳＯ２脱率提高０－２５％,脱硫产物的主要组分是（ＮＨ２）２ＳＯ４,其含量随着单位体积烟气注入能量的增加而增大气光单位体积烟气注入能量为３Ｗ·ｈ／ｍ＾３,停留时间小于１０ｓ工业应用许可的范围内,烟气脱硫最佳温度为６０－６５℃,最佳含水体积分数为９－１１％。     

脉冲等离子法烟气脱硫的放大实验

锅炉烟气进行脉冲等离子法脱硫的扩大实验，得到与模拟烟气实验相近的结果。研究表明，脉冲等离子法对锅炉烟气中的ＳＯ２去除率可达９５％以上，烟气在反应器内的停留时间（ｔｓ）、脉冲电源的放电功率（Ｐ）和添加ＮＨ３等条件，对脱硫效率９η）有较大影响。ｔｓ、Ｐ越大、η越高。处理烟气量（Ｑ）、能耗（Ｐ）与η存在函数关系：η＝１１８．０（Ｐ／Ｑ）＾０．１１１１。烟气中加入适量ＮＨ３，对脱硫效率有显著提高，以ＮＨ３     

含灰含水烟气的脉冲放电脱除NO和NOx的研究

脉冲放电脱除ＮＯ和ＮＯｘ（ＮＯ＋ＮＯ２）的实验表明,烟气中的飞灰对ＮＯｘ具有２％－４％的吸附脱除作用,对脉冲放电又有抑制作用,使ＮＯ和ＮＯｘ脱除具有降低的趋势,增加烟气含水量增强了飞灰粒子表面的化学吸附能力,使得在烟气含水量为１５％和单位体积烟气注入能量小于３Ｗ．ｈ／Ｎ,＾３时,ＮＯ和ＮＯｘ脱除率提高５％－１５％。     

脉冲电晕放电降解CFC-113和CCl4

催化降解ＣＦＣ－１３３和ＣＣｌ４难度较大。采用脉冲电晕与吸附相结合,在电晕反应器中加入吸附剂（如γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３）,显著提高了降解效果。实验结果揭示吸附剂的比表面与孔径大小显著影响ＣＦＣ－１１３和ＣＣｌ４的降解反应活性以及副产物臭氧浓度。本研究开发出一种Ａｌ２Ｏ３－Ⅱ吸附剂,它的比表面为９４．４ｍ＾２／ｇ,孔径〈０．５μｍ,当它与高压脉冲电晕放电相结合时,一方面提高了降解率,另一方面抑制了臭氧生成,     

轮窑烧砖烟气元二次污染治理工艺研究

对轮窑志烟气处理的石灰乳水溶液吸收过程和百渣的固化过程进行了理论分析，探讨了该系统的工艺条件和设施。结果表明，采用喷射鼓泡瓜器自理含氟、含烟气，氟化物平均浓度从９４．７ｍｇ／ｍ＾３降至７．２ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，二氧化硫从６２５．５ｍｇ／ｍ＾３降至１１５．８ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，平均去除率氟化物为９２．４％，二氧化硫为８１．５％；吸收排渣可固化于主产品内而又不影响产品质量，消除了二次污染。     

载银活性炭法处理含汞废气

对工业生产作业车间中的含汞废气，采用气相导流－纤维体过滤－载银活性炭吸汞净化工艺，可使车间操作空间的含汞浓度０．１０～０．７０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，降低到＜０．０７ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，治理效率＞９５％，经处理后的空气中含汞浓度低于国家标准允许排放的浓度值。     

脉冲放电烟气脱除尘与除SO_2和NO_X的研究

对脉冲放电烟气除尘与脱除ＳＯ２和ＮＯＸ进行实验研究与分析的结果表明，烟气中的飞灰对ＳＯ２和ＮＯＸ吸附脱除２％～５％，吸附脱除量随着飞灰浓度和烟气含量的增加而增大。在单位体积烟气注入能量为４Ｗｈ／Ｎｍ３和烟气在反应器中停留时间小于３秒，飞灰与水蒸气的协同作用使ＳＯ２和ＮＯＸ脱除率分别达到２３％和３３％。同时，脉冲放电使反应器对飞灰具有良好的协同作用，收集效率为９７％。     

环状扩散采样管的研制及其在大气氨测定中的应用

为解决采样过程中气体与颗粒物之间的相互干扰的问题。在国内首次研制出新型大气痕量气体采样装置－环状扩散管,并应用于采集大气中的氨。在大气条件下对氨的收集效率可达９７％,检测限为０．１５μｇ／ｍ＾３,与滤膜法和湿式环状扩散管进行了对比实验。结果表明三者基本一致,从１９８５年到１９９２年,在４－５月份测定了北京中关村地区大氨浓度,其变化范围４．６－４０μｇ／ｍ＾３,平均浓度１７μｇ／ｍ＾３。     

脲醛胶在生产及使用过程中的甲醛污染

本文对粤华装饰板材厂为例，探讨了脲醛胶（ＵＦ－３－Ｂ）在生产及应用过程中甲醛污染的来源及控制措施。脲醛胶合成车间空气环境中的甲醛含量为０．０９４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，涂胶现场为０．０５４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，贴面生产线中央为０．１５６ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，热压工段高达０．７５４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，大大高于对照点空气环境中的甲醛含量（０．０１６ｍｇ／ｍ＾３）。通过降低尿素／甲醛（Ｕ／Ｆ）摩尔比，加入甲醛吸收剂，可以降低脲醛胶中的     

脉冲电晕等离子法烟气脱硫的扩大实验研究

采用实际锅炉烟气进行脉冲电晕等离子法脱硫的扩大实验，得到了与模拟烟气进行的小实验相近的结果。结果表明，脉冲电晕等离子法能有效去除锅炉烟气中的ＳＯ２，脱硫率可达９５％以上。烟气的停留时间、脉冲电源放电功率及添加ＮＨ３等对脱硫率有较大影响，前两者越大，脱硫率越高，但应与处理量、能耗综合考虑，有函数关系η＝１１８．０（Ｐ／Ｑ）０．１１１１。加ＮＨ３量选取与烟气含ＳＯ２量１：１的当量比最有利，产物可用做肥料。试验结果为实用性放大提供了基础资料。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.