UV/PS降解水中2,4-二氯苯酚的特性研究

比较采用PS,UV和UV/PS工艺降解2,4-DCP的去除效果及一级动力学常数,研究光解反应中OH·和SO_4·~-的贡献率,计算SO_4·~-与2,4-DCP反应的二级动力学反应常数,考察实际水体中UV/PS光解2,4-DCP的效果,以及两种有效工艺UV和UV/PS经济性计算和比较.结果表明,分别单独采用PS,UV降解,降解率是4%和46.2%,而采用UV/PS去除率高达96.4%,大大提高单独PS系统降解2,4-DCP的效率,表明UV/PS系统可高效去除2,4-DCP.采用PS,UV和UV/PS降解2,4-DCP基本遵循拟一级反应动力学,一级反应动力学常数分别为0.4×10~(-3),6.2×10~(-3)和35.1×10~(-3)min~(-1).光解反应中起主作用的是自由基SO_4·~-.SO_4·~-与2,4-DCP二级动力学反应常数是7.07×109(mol/L)-1s-12,4-DCP在3种实际水体(锡东水厂,西氿水库,横山水库)中降解率比在超纯水中的高.经济计算中UV/PS协同系统的能量利用率最高.     

基于细管流紫外反应系统探讨紫外和真空紫外/紫外辐照下水中微量磺胺甲噻二唑的光降解效果

水环境中存在的微量有机污染物可在较低浓度下对人类造成较大的危害.基于细管流紫外反应系统(MFPS)研究了典型微量有机污染物磺胺甲噻二唑(SML)在紫外(UV)和真空紫外/紫外(VUV/UV)辐照下的光降解过程,发现SML在VUV/UV辐照下的降解速率明显快于UV辐照.采用MFPS测定了各光化学动力学参数:UV和VUV/UV辐照下光子剂量基反应速率常数分别为0.88×10~3和4.64×10~3m~2·einstein-1;量子产率分别为0.227和0.379;羟基自由基(HO·)和SML的二级反应速率常数测定为6.59×10~9L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).探讨了pH值和初始SML浓度对降解效果的影响,结果表明,VUV/UV辐照下pH 7.0时的SML降解速率达到最大,而UV辐照下SML的降解速率随pH增加而逐渐增大;初始SML浓度的增大会降低UV和VUV/UV辐照下的降解速率.此外,本研究表明MFPS作为实验室光反应系统可快速、准确地测量各光反应动力学参数,VUV/UV在去除水中微量有机污染物方面的效果优于UV,可较好的处理水中微量有机污染物.     

UV/H2O2氧化降解克拉霉素的反应动力学及影响因素

克拉霉素用量大、检出频率高、生态风险大,已被欧盟列为优先监测污染物.针对传统污水处理厂难以完全去除克拉霉素的问题,主要研究了UV/H_2O_2降解克拉霉素的效果和反应动力学,探讨了pH、天然有机质(NOM)和水中共存阴、阳离子对UV/H_2O_2降解克拉霉素的影响.结果表明:单一UV对克拉霉素的光降解符合准一级反应动力学模型,其反应速率常数为0.0016 min~(-1).UV/H_2O_2对克拉霉素的降解符合准一级反应动力学模型,且克拉霉素的降解速率随H_2O_2浓度的增大而增大,在H_2O_2浓度为40 mmol·L~(-1)时,克拉霉素降解的反应速率常数为0.0284min~(-1).克拉霉素与·OH的二级反应速率常数为(2.36±0.20)×10~(10)L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).碱性条件有利于克拉霉素的降解;NOM(2~10 mg·L~(-1))会抑制克拉霉素的降解,且随NOM浓度增大而增大;共存阴离子CO_3~(2-)对克拉霉素降解无影响,HCO_3~-、NO_3~-、Cl~-会抑制克拉霉素的降解,抑制程度的大小顺序为NO_3~-HCO_3~-Cl~-;共存阳离子Ca~(2+)、Mg2+、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+)会抑制克拉霉素的降解,抑制程度的大小顺序为Fe~(3+)Cu~(2+)Mg2+Ca~(2+).     

UV降解水溶液中吲哚美辛的动力学研究

以中压汞灯为光源,研究水环境中吲哚美辛(IDM)的紫外光降解机制.实验结果表明,IDM的光解反应符合准一级动力学规律,其降解速率常数随自身浓度的增大而减小,当IDM浓度由1 mg·L~(-1)增至12 mg·L~(-1)时,其速率常数由0.0148 min~(-1)减至0.00412 min~(-1).通过模型研究IDM的紫外光解机制时发现,其降解包括直接光解和自敏化光解,直接光解常数为0.0151 min~(-1).研究环境因子对IDM光解的影响时发现,碱性环境有利于IDM的降解,而溶解氧抑制IDM的光解,腐殖酸通过光掩蔽和自由基猝灭两个作用抑制IDM的光解,硝酸根通过接受光量子产生·OH促进IDM的降解,并通过竞争反应实验测得·OH稳态浓度为2.10×10~(-1)4mol·L~(-1),IDM与·OH的二级反应速率常数为9.86×109L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).     

UV/H_2O_2光化学降解水中的三氯生

研究了UV/H_2O_2对水中三氯生(TCS)的降解;考察了H_2O_2用量,pH值,常见无机阴离子(如HCO_3~-,Cl-,NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-))和天然有机物质(NOM)对TCS去除的影响;探讨了TCS的降解产物和转化机理.结果表明:TCS在UV/H_2O_2中的降解符合准一级反应动力学.随着H_2O_2用量的提高,TCS的降解效率也逐渐提高,但是过量的H_2O_2会和TCS竞争羟基自由基(HO·).TCS在pH 8.5时的降解效率高于研究的其它pH值(即pH 5.3-7.4).虽然HCO_3~-是一种常见的HO·淬灭剂,但是它对TCS的降解影响较小;其它无机阴离子(Cl-,NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-))对TCS的去除几乎无影响.NOM的存在会抑制TCS的降解,且NOM浓度越高,抑制作用越明显.由于实际水样中的HCO_3~-和NOM与TCS竞争HO·,TCS在实际水体中的降解与纯水中的相比受到一定程度地抑制.利用液相色谱-超高解析度四级杆飞行时间串联质谱仪(LC-QTOF/MS)检出26种TCS的降解产物,根据这些鉴定的反应产物推测TCS可能的转化机理主要包括6种不同的反应路径,分别为脱氯氢化,脱氯羟基化,羟基化,脱氢反应,环化反应和醚键断裂.     

单偶氮染料AY17的光催化降解动力学及机制

为了研究水体环境中单偶氮染料酸性黄17(AY17)有效地去除方式及其可能的降解途径、转化和归趋等,实验首先探索了AY17在不同深度氧化体系中降解的可行性,研究发现其去除效率的大小按照UV/H_2O_2UV/Na_2S_2O_8≈UV/FeSO_4·7H_2OUV/KHSO_5UV/TiO_2排列.然后选取UV/TiO_2体系,研究了催化剂用量,反应温度,底物浓度以及溶液初始p H值等因素对其光催化降解动力学的影响,结果表明AY17的光催化降解遵循假一级动力学,其降解速率常数为0.011 2 min~(-1);当催化剂TiO_2用量为3 g·L~(-1)时其降解效果最好;高温有利于AY17的光催化降解,而随着底物浓度和溶液初始p H值的升高,其降解速率常数显著下降.最后利用GC/MS对AY17光催化降解中间产物进行了初步鉴定,研究发现在·OH等活性氧物种的作用下偶氮键的断裂、羟基自由基对芳香环上基团的取代以及吡唑环的裂解是其主要降解途径.     

UV协同ClO2去除三氯生及其降解产物的研究

采用UV/Cl O2工艺对三氯生(TCS)的去除进行了研究,考察了初始p H、Cl O2投加量、TCS初始浓度、腐殖酸(HA)在UV/Cl O2联用工艺中对TCS降解的影响.研究表明,UV/Cl O2工艺可以有效去除TCS且具有协同作用,光强为6.5μW·cm-2、Cl O2投加量为0.5 mg·L-1和TCS浓度为300μg·L-1时,单独UV和Cl O2在1 min内对TCS的去除分别为5.23%和84.93%,UV/Cl O2联用工艺TCS在1 min内去除可达到99.13%.实验范围内(p H 6~9)随着p H的增大TCS去除率从99.4%升到99.63%;增大Cl O2投加量可以提高TCS的去除,Cl O2投加量从0.5~1.5 mg·L-1时TCS去除率由98.1%提高到99.89%;TCS初始浓度与去除率呈负相关,初始浓度从100~500μg·L-1时TCS去除率由99.98%下降到94.39%;低浓度的腐殖酸有利于TCS的去除,高浓度的腐殖酸则相反.GC/MS对TCS的UV、Cl O2和UV/Cl O2的降解产物分析表明,TCS的主要降解产物包括2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)、2,7-二氯代二苯并-对-二英(2,7-DCDD)等.     

UV_(254)降解水中双氯芬酸的动力学及机理研究

研究了254 nm紫外光照(UV_(254))对水中双氯芬酸(DCF)的降解,考察了pH、天然有机物质(NOM)和硝酸盐(NO_3~-)对DCF光解的影响;探讨了DCF的光解产物和转化机理;最后,研究了DCF在实际水体中的去除.结果表明,DCF在UV_(254)辐射下发生快速降解,其光解遵循准一级反应动力学模型.在研究的pH范围内,DCF降解效率基本相同,其表观速率常数在5.9×10~(-3)cm~2·mJ~(-1)左右.NOM的存在会抑制DCF的光解,且NOM浓度越高,抑制作用越明显,这主要是由于NOM和DCF竞争入射的紫外光子.NO_3~-在UV_(254)光照下可被激发产生羟基自由基,故NO_3~-的存在可以明显促进DCF的降解.DCF在实际水体中的去除效率与纯水中的基本类似,在紫外光用量为320 mJ·cm~(-2)时,大约83%1μmol·L~(-1)DCF被去除.在UV_(254)光解DCF反应中,共检测到12种降解产物,基于这些检出的反应产物提出DCF可能的光解机理主要包括6种不同的转化路径,分别为脱氯环化、脱羧基反应、甲酰化反应、脱氯羟基化、脱氯氢化和醌化反应.     

HCO_3~-和NO_3~-对水中双氯芬酸紫外光解的影响

考察了碳酸氢盐(HCO3-)和硝酸盐(NO3-)对水中双氯芬酸(DCF)紫外光解的影响,探讨了UV/NO3-/HCO3-体系中NO3-和HCO3-用量对DCF降解的影响,研究了DCF在UV/NO3-/HCO3-体系中的降解产物和反应机理.结果表明:在本研究实验条件下,HCO3-对DCF的紫外光解几乎无影响;由于光激发NO3-产生的羟基自由基(HO·)的作用,NO3-的存在可以明显促进DCF的降解;HCO3-和NO3-的共存可以进一步加快DCF的去除,这可能归因于生成的HO·和HCO3-反应产生的碳酸根自由基(CO3·-).通过向UV/NO3-/HCO3-体系中加入HO·淬灭剂甲醇,有力地证明该体系中CO3·-的存在及其对DCF的降解.DCF在UV/NO3-/HCO3-体系中的去除可能归因于3种反应途径,分别为直接紫外光解、HO·氧化和CO3·-氧化.其中,直接紫外光解和自由基氧化对DCF去除的贡献分别为25%和75%.在UV/NO3-/HCO3-体系中,NO3-用量的提高可以导致反应体系中生成的HO·稳态浓度的提高,故DCF的降解效率随着NO3-用量的提高而逐渐增大;HCO3-用量的提高对DCF去除的影响较小.在UV/NO3-/HCO3-降解DCF反应中,利用液相色谱——四级杆飞行时间串联质谱仪(LC-QTOF/MS)共检测到11种转化产物,根据这些检出的反应产物提出DCF在该体系中的反应机理主要包括5种不同的降解路径,分别为脱氯氢化、脱氯环化、脱羧基反应、甲酰化反应和醌化反应.     

UV/H2O2降解水中对乙酰氨基酚的动力学及反应途径

利用UV/H_2O_2间歇式光氧化反应器,考察该工艺降解水溶液中对乙酰氨基酚反应动力学和影响因素.结果表明,UV/H_2O_2可有效降解水溶液中的对乙酰氨基酚,降解过程符合拟一级反应动力学模型(R~2=0.990).通过考察影响反应的因素,如H_2O_2投量、紫外功率、pH值、共存阴离子(HCO_3~-、NO_3~-)浓度,研究结果表明,对乙酰氨基酚的反应速率常数随H_2O_2投量增大而增高,随着UV功率增强而增大;共存阴离子浓度的增加在一定程度上会降低反应速率常数;中性条件是降解体系的最适宜环境,此时的反应速率常数达到最大值.通过气象色谱/质谱(GC/MS)对中间产物的分析推测对乙酰氨基酚降解过程中首先形成了苯酚类物质进而被氧化生成易降解的物质.UV/H_2O_2对对乙酰氨基酚的矿化效果非常显著,在pH 7.0,紫外功率15 W,对乙酰氨基酚浓度42.0 mg·L~(-1),H_2O_2投加量为250.0 mg·L~(-1)时,总有机碳(TOC)去除率达到39%.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.