巢湖蓝藻期间水质状况分析

通过2014-2017年巢湖蓝藻期间总磷、总氮、氨氮的监测数据分析,巢湖水质富营养化变化趋势,其中有时间变化趋势和点位变化趋势。最后根据富营养化状态分级标准,评价蓝藻期巢湖水体富营养状况。     

基于延拓盲数的湖库水体富营养化评价模型

基于湖库水环境系统随机性、模糊性、灰性、未确知性等多种不确定性共存或交叉存在的特点,将延拓盲数引入水体富营养化评价,通过与综合营养状态指数方法的综合集成,构建了湖库水体富营养化评价延拓盲数模型和等级识别模式,并将其应用于巢湖塘西河河口水体富营养化评价.结果表明:塘西河河口水体处于重富营养化状态,可信度超过0.86(即86%),且在模糊截集水平α=0.8情形下,综合营养状态指数期望值达79.34,属于重富营养等级.实例研究证明了新构建模型对于不确定性条件下湖库水体富营养化评价的适用性和有效性.     

基于环境一号卫星CCD数据的洞庭湖夏季富营养状态评价

利用环境一号卫星数据,系统地分析洞庭湖富营养状态的年际时空变化特征.通过星地同步地面实验,建立起洞庭湖水体的叶绿素a浓度遥感反演模型、富营养状态评价模型.利用2009到2013年8月的多期环境一号卫星CCD数据,对洞庭湖富营养状态进行动态监测和分析.结果表明:1洞庭湖区主要以中营养为主.2009到2013年富营养化水体占全湖的面积分别为48.57%、63.84%、51.10%、35.27%、52.10%.2010年富营养化水体占全湖面积比最大,其次是2013年.2洞庭湖富营养水体主要集中在大小西湖、东洞庭湖西部及内湖地区.2009年到2013年大通湖和南湖这两个典型内湖重度富营养水体占全湖的面积比都在逐年下降,水质有好转的趋势.     

巢湖营养化状况评价及水质恢复探讨

巢湖水质的污染特征为营养盐浓度居高不下,局部水域藻类疯长,已属重富营养化。根据近10 a监测数据,总氮的点源污染负荷占51%,非点源占49%;总磷的点源污染负荷占60%,非点源占40%。笔者也探讨了COD、总氮、总磷的湖内空间分布及水质恢复对策。综合分析巢湖的环境特征、水质现状及流域环境经济状况,短期内巢湖的水质将很难明显改观。如各项规划中的措施到位,预计到2010年,巢湖的水质可望从富营养－极度富营养化向中富营养－富营养化转变,达到国家Ⅲ类水体标准。      

丹东市大中型水库富营养化评价与防治

通过对丹东市8座大中型水库的基本情况、水质现状和污染源调查,应用综合营养状态指数法对其水质富营养化水平进行评价,得出这8座水库分别处于中营养和富营养状态。分析了造成水体富营养化的主要原因是水库周边工业污染源、生活面源、渔业养殖和蓄水量减少的综合影响,并在此基础上提出有效的污染防治对策。     

我国湖泊水质恶化趋势及富营养化控制阶段划分

自20世纪70年代末至今30年间,我国的湖泊在人类活动的强烈干扰下,由贫-中营养状态为主逐步向富营养状态转变,富营养化湖泊的数量和面积呈现逐年增加的趋势,尤其是在东部平原湖区和云贵高原湖区,以太湖、巢湖和滇池等三湖为主的富营养化问题,更是引起了广泛的关注.伴随着湖泊富营养化的发展,我国在湖泊富营养化的防治上进行了不懈的...     

基于Copula函数的水体富营养化联合风险概率研究

为了分析小型人工湖水体富营养化指标联合风险发生的概率,基于Copula函数的基本原理,结合眉湖水体富营养化模型模拟结果,建立了水体富营养化指标的边缘分布及Copula函数联合概率分布.通过Copula函数拟合检验和拟合优度评价筛选出不同组合方式下最优的Copula函数,并根据最优的Copula函数计算出水体富营养化指标的二维和三维联合风险概率.结果表明,不同组合方式下水体富营养化指标达到不同富营养化状态时的联合风险概率区别较大;当Chl-a和COD都为轻度富营养时,二维联合风险概率最大为62.29%,说明这种组合方式下眉湖水体极易发生轻度富营养;当Chl-a和COD都为轻度富营养、TN为中度富营养时,三维联合风险概率最大为45.46%,说明这种组合方式下眉湖水体极易发生中度富营养;由于受到水体富营养化指标监测系列的影响,部分二维和三维联合风险概率较小甚至为零.     

神农架大九湖水体富营养化评价

为探究大九湖水体富营养化状态,采用模糊综合评价法和综合营养状态指数法分别对其10个断面的富营养化程度进行评价。模糊综合评价法评价结果为1号湖和3号湖断面为中度富营养化,其余断面均为轻度富营养化;综合营养状态指数法评价结果为1号湖和2号湖断面为轻度富营养化,其余断面均为中营养状态。均客观反映了大九湖水体富营养状态。     

闹得海水库营养状态分析及富营养化防治

结合9年来对闹得海水库水质监测及相关文献资料，评价闹得海水库营养状态，分析主要污染物变化趋势，对该水库营养状态进行分析，提出该水库富营养化防治对策。结果表明：闹得海水库9年来营养状态在中营养-中富营养之间，主要营养盐总氮、总磷及高锰酸盐指数9年间无显著变化，农业面源是该水库主要营养盐及有机物主要来源。     

白洋淀水产养殖区水体富营养化评价及防治对策

为了研究白洋淀水产养殖对水环境的影响,评价白洋淀养殖水体所处的营养状态.进而为白洋淀水体富营齐化的防治提供科学依据,在此以2009年夏季监测数据为依据,采用修正的卡森指数法(TSIM)和综合营养状态指数法(TLI)分别对不同的养殖区域水体进行分析和讨论.其中修正卡森指数的评价结果为TSIM=67.62.已符合富营养化的标准;TLI=58.59,符合轻度富营养化标准,但部分养殖水体已经处于中度富营养状态.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.