丁腈橡胶密封圈高温老化行为——自由状态和承压状态

目的研究丁腈橡胶密封圈自由状态和承压状态下的高温老化行为。方法以拉伸强度和拉断伸长率为参数,对各温度下的老化行为进行表征和分析。结果 70℃条件下机械应力大大加快了橡胶密封件拉伸强度的下降速率,以致试验64 d时拉伸强度甚至比110℃时还低,拉断伸长率的下降速率也明显加快了;90℃加速条件下机械应力对拉伸强度的下降有一定的促进作用,但对拉断伸长率的变化基本无影响;110℃加速条件下机械应力对拉伸强度和拉断伸长率均没有明显的影响。结论机械应力在较低温度下可以显著促进丁腈橡胶密封圈热氧老化,高温条件下促进作用不明显。     

装药结构试验器设计和低温老化试验研究

目的探索固体火箭发动机装药低温老化试验方法和机理,为固体发动机寿命预测和延寿提供支撑。方法设计方便取样测试的结构试验器,通过仿真计算确定具有一定应变水平的装药内孔尺寸,开展-10℃和-35℃低温老化试验。老化后首先对结构试验器进行无损检测,再取出药柱制取推进剂标准试样,进行常温和低温快速拉伸力学性能测试。结果设计完成三段连接式结构试验器,既不破坏药柱所承受的应力载荷,又保证取样方便、安全。无损探伤表明,经过低温长期贮存的结构试验器药柱没有产生裂纹和脱粘现象。推进剂的常温力学性能无明显变化,低温的最大抗拉强度有所升高,最大伸长率降低明显,-10℃和-35℃低温老化试验后,最大伸长率分别降低了24%和40%。结论推进剂内部产生了微损伤,承受低温快速应变(对应低温点火冲击状态)能力下降明显,应引起高度关注。     

两种老化温度对某型双基推进剂的热分解性能的影响

目的探索某型双基推进剂在85℃和95℃条件下的热分解性能随老化时间的变化趋势。方法采用恒温加速老化试验,并对老化不同时间的样品进行热重分析(TG)和差示扫描(DSC)试验。结果计算了其两种老化温度条件下的动力学参数。结论某型双基推进剂性能良好,与老化时间相比,老化温度对其性能影响较大。     

高低温条件下碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料的老化特征分析

目的分析不同试验条件下碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料的性能变化规律,获得该种材料在高温和低温条件下的老化特征。方法对制备的碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料拉伸样和缺口冲击样,开展高温和低温试验,定期测试其拉伸、冲击性能,分析各试验条件下力学性能的变化趋势,总结该材料的老化特征。结果几种试验条件下均未造成该材料外观损伤,冲击强度出现了前期升高后期降低的变化趋势,而拉伸强度前期略微降低,随着试验进行逐渐升高。结论碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料在高温和低温条件下无明显的外观老化特征,而力学性能在高温16天后材料会呈现出较缓慢的热老化趋势。     

温度循环-应变作用下聚醚推进剂老化机理研究

目的 掌握聚醚推进剂在温度循环与应变耦合作用下的老化机理.方法 开展65～75℃温度循环和3％预应变耦合作用下的老化试验,针对不同老化时间的聚醚推进剂,分析抗拉强度、伸长率等力学性能的变化规律,以及表面微观损伤、分子官能团、反应热等微观损伤演变情况,综合推断聚醚推进剂宏观-微观关联老化机理.结果 随着老化时间延长,最大抗拉强度波动下降,最大伸长率先增大、后减小;高氯酸铵和聚醚粘合剂的分解峰温均向低温方向移动,位于1410 cm?1的高氯酸铵吸收峰增强,而位于1565、1725 cm?1的聚醚粘合剂中氨基甲酸酯、酰胺基团吸收峰下降;嵌在聚醚粘合剂内部的高氯酸铵逐渐暴露,且部分高氯酸铵颗粒与周围界面明显分离,并出现小孔洞.结论 在长期温度循环和预应变作用下,聚醚推进剂分子主链中酰胺基团的C—N键由于分子间结合力较弱而分解断链,破坏了分子主链网状交联结构,使得分散其中的AP粒子逐渐露出表面,并呈现部分断裂损伤特征,引起抗拉强度下降.     

白炭黑补强氟硅橡胶热空气老化机理研究

目的研究热空气老化过程中白炭黑补强氟硅橡胶的老化机理。方法开展不同加速老化温度点下白炭黑补强氟硅橡胶热空气老化试验,对老化过程中材料的力学性能进行研究,同时采用热重分析、衰减全反射红外光谱、交联密度分析以及固体核磁等技术,对200℃热空气老化过程中材料的微观结构变化进行分析。结果低温环境中白炭黑氟硅橡胶拉伸强度和扯断伸长率变化较小,高温环境中变化趋势增大,邵尔A硬度在整个老化过程中没有明显变化。结论白炭黑补强氟硅橡胶的老化机理主要是交联键的断裂和侧链三氟丙基的分解,同时还可能伴随有部分主链的破坏。     

FX-4和FX-17典型橡胶密封圈加速老化性能研究

目的研究FX-4和FX-17典型橡胶密封圈的加速老化性能。方法对初始压缩率为14%和20%的FX-4和FX-17这2种橡胶密封圈,进行5个温度点不同时长的加速老化试验,通过试验测定FX-4和FX-17橡胶密封圈的拉伸强度、扯断伸长率、硬度以及压缩永久变形等4个性能指标,并进行分析和比较。结果硬度指标随老化温度以及老化时间的变化不明显。拉伸强度与扯断伸长率在200℃老化试验后,均出现明显的下降趋势,但在同一老化温度下老化10、70 d后,拉伸强度与扯断伸长率未发生明显的变化。在较低的老化温度时,压缩永久变形率随老化温度以及老化时间的变化不明显;在150、200℃温度老化后,压缩永久变形率随着老化时间的增加而呈上升趋势。结论FX-4与FX-17橡胶密封圈的压缩永久变形率在老化温度点较低时,受温度的影响不显著,在同一温度下随老化时间的增加呈上升趋势;在老化温度点较高时,压缩永久变形率随着老化时间的增加而呈上升趋势。     

氟醚橡胶在不同介质下的热老化行为与机理研究

目的 对氟醚橡胶FM-2D在空气与飞马Ⅱ号润滑油中的热老化行为与机理进行研究。方法 开展氟醚橡胶高温贮存试验，在热氧、热油的介质环境下，研究氟醚橡胶的力学性能退化规律。试验后对样品的拉伸性能、压缩性能以及硬度进行检测，并且利用傅里叶红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜以及X射线电子能谱对试验后样品进行检测。结果 通过热老化试验，发现氟醚橡胶在200 ℃以下能够长期维持较好的力学性能。试验温度在200 ℃以上，氟醚橡胶的力学性能出现明显退化趋势，并且在热空气与热油中的老化趋势不同。在220 ℃的热空气老化31 d后，氟醚橡胶的拉伸强度下降27.0%，断裂伸长率增大89.8%，压缩应力松弛率为34.6%，硬度下降8.7%。在220 ℃的热油老化31 d后，氟醚橡胶的拉伸强度下降85.9%，断裂伸长率下降83.9%，压缩应力松弛率为‒17.5%，硬度上升4.2%。结论 在热空气老化过程中，橡胶分子链受热氧影响发生断裂，使其强度下降；在热油老化过程中，油介质和高温的耦合作用使橡胶的交联网络失效，橡胶发硬变脆。     

HTPB推进剂老化性能湿热影响分析

目的 掌握HTPB推进剂老化过程中,温度和湿度对其力学性能的影响及贡献程度.方法 对HTPB推进剂进行不同湿热条件下的加速老化试验,并测量不同老化时间推进剂的质量损失分数和力学性能,结合推进剂在温度和湿度下的作用机理,对质量损失分数随老化时间的变化规律进行分析,以最大拉伸强度作为性能指标,对HTPB推进剂湿热老化过程进行湿热双因素方差分析.结果 湿度对HTPB推进剂质量损失分数的影响起主导作用,在75％～85％有一个湿度拐点值,大于或小于这个拐点值,推进剂遵循不同的质量损失分数变化规律.温度和湿度对推进剂最大抗拉强度方差分析的F值均大于其临界值,影响显著.相比而言,湿度的影响更加显著,整个老化过程中,温度和湿度的影响作用表现出先增加、后下降的趋势.温湿交互作用在试验前期和后期对推进剂的影响不显著,而在试验中期较为显著,同样呈现出先增大、后减小的规律.结论 湿度对推进剂最大拉伸强度影响的贡献率最大,温度次之,交互作用最小.从时间轴上看,湿度的贡献率表现为单调递增趋势,温度为单调递减趋势,交互作用呈现抛物线趋势.     

固体火箭发动机粘接界面湿热老化实验

对固体火箭发动机粘接界面试验件进行了不同湿热条件下的加速老化试验,并测量了不同老化时间粘接界面的扯离强度,描述了湿热老化试验和性能测试中的试验现象,结合复合材料微粘接结构吸湿规律对试验现象和撤离强度随老化时间变化曲线进行了分析。研究结果表明:衬层-推进剂粘接界面是固体火箭发动机粘接结构中最薄弱环节,应予以重点考虑;湿热老化促进了环境水分从衬层–推进剂界面向推进剂内部的扩散和渗透,致使弱边界层向推进剂内部扩展,导致了衬层-推进剂界面粘接强度的降低。试验件平均扯离强度随老化时间呈下降趋势,中间有一个强度趋于稳定的平台期。      

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.