黄渤海海水中叶绿素a的分布特征及其环境影响因素

基于2013年夏、秋季和2014年春季黄渤海海域调查数据,分析了该海域叶绿素a的含量、分布特征及其环境影响因素(温度、盐度、pH值、溶解无机氮、硅酸盐、磷酸盐).结果表明:2013年夏、秋季和2014年春季,黄渤海海水中叶绿素a含量范围分别是0.918~9.287,1.477~6.435,1.837~5.966mg/L,平均浓度分别为3.527,3.467,3.524mg/L;夏季和春季叶绿素a含量略高,秋季叶绿素a含量最低且变化范围较小;渤海海域叶绿素a分布具有明显区域特征,其分布基本呈近岸高、中部海域低的分布趋势;将水质参数作为自变量输入支持向量机(SVM)中,GA-SVM算法拟合效果(R20.9)和精确度(MSE0.01)较好,不同水质参数对海水叶绿素a含量的影响相对重要性具有季节差异,夏季,对海水叶绿素a含量影响最重要是磷酸盐和温度;秋季,对于海水叶绿素a含量影响最重要是硅酸盐和盐度;春季,对于海水叶绿素a含量影响最重要的是盐度和溶解无机氮.所有调查季节,对于海水叶绿素a含量影响最重要的是盐度和磷酸盐.综合参数影响重要性,表明陆源输入是黄渤海海域叶绿素a含量的最重要影响因素.     

夏季热分层效应对典型岩溶水库水化学及溶解无机碳的影响

热分层导致水库内部水化学、水生生物分布等出现显著的分层特征,并影响了水库内部的生物地球化学循环过程.为掌握夏季热分层期岩溶水库水体理化性质和溶解无机碳变化过程及其影响因素,以岩溶地下水补给型水库广西上林县大龙洞水库为研究对象,于2015年6月沿水库流程方向在8个点位开展分层采样及监测.结果发现:(1)水库夏季存在明显的热分层现象,水体pH、电导率(Spc)等理化性质出现分层结构;(2)水体溶解氧(DO)与叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度从表层至底层并没有呈现单一的递减趋势,而是在水面以下2.5 m或者5 m处达到最大值;(3)由表层至底层水体溶解无机碳(DIC)浓度整体上呈增加趋势,表层水体DIC平均浓度为2.03 mmol·L~(-1),底层平均浓度为4.18 mmol·L~(-1);其同位素(δ~(13)C_(DIC))在表水层偏正,在温跃层随水深增加逐渐偏负.分析认为:(1)由于夏季热分层效应,水库水体温度、水生生物的分布及新陈代谢的强度和方向在不同水层存在显著差异,致使水库水体理化性质、DIC均呈现垂向分层性特征;(2)DIC浓度变化在表水层主要受碳酸盐岩沉淀过程及浮游植物光合作用影响,进而影响水中DIC稳定同位素的分馏;在温跃层则主要由生物呼吸作用及有机质分解过程控制.     

黄河口无机碳输运过程对pH异常增高现象的响应

为研究黄河无机碳的输运过程及有效入海通量,通过对2004年至2006年黄河口汛期和非汛期淡水-海水混合过程中无机碳参数、溶解氧饱和度、叶绿素和NH⁺₄、 PO^3-₄的分析得出,黄河口低盐度区pH出现相对于淡水端异常增高现象,而恰在此区域DIC出现亏损现象,黄河口淡-咸水混合区域pH异常增高现象可以表征无机碳的沉降作用.淡咸水混合初期生物好氧呼吸作用的降低能够导致p_CO2的迅速降低是造成低盐度区pH出现相对于淡水端异常增高现象的主要原因.根据河口溶解物质的保守混合模型,发现混合过程中ΔDIC与ΔTA是1∶1的关系,表明DIC出现亏损是由于HCO^-₃清除造成的,汛期和非汛期黄河口无机碳的沉降作用能够清除输入到河口DIC总量的10%,即黄河口每年可清除1.21×10⁵ t河流输入的溶解无机碳,DIC的有效入海通量约为10.86×10⁵ t,通过评估,黄河流域风化作用吸收的大气CO₂量将有10%左右被河口无机碳沉降作用重新释放到大气中,而流域风化作用固定的CO₂在河口将有2.24×10⁵ t（以CO₂计）重新释放到大气中.     

猫跳河流域梯级水库夏-秋季节溶解无机碳（DIC）含量及其同位素组成的分布特征

于2007年7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)2次对猫跳河流域河流-水库水体样品进行了采集,分析其水化学组成特征,溶解无机碳(DIC)含量及其同位素组成,研究了猫跳河流域河流-水库的碳元素地球化学行为,目的是阐明梯级水库拦截后河流的碳元素含量和碳同位素(δ13CDIC)组成的分布特征.水体DIC及其同位素(1δ3CDIC)组成的总体特征为:DIC含量夏季低于秋季,夏季DIC含量为1.35~2.84 mmol/L,平均值为2.12 mmol/L,秋季DIC含量为2.03~3.98 mmol/L,平均值为2.67 mmol/L;1δ3CDIC值则相反,夏季较秋季偏正,其1δ3CDIC值流域夏季为-10.3‰~-5.1‰,平均值是-8.6‰,秋季为-13.0‰~-6.9‰,平均值为-9.0‰,表明夏季藻类光合作用优先富集12C,水体富集13C.夏季水库的DIC含量随着深度的加深而增大,而δ13CDIC值则随着深度的加深而偏负,表明表层水体受藻类生物作用影响较大,下层水体主要受有机质的降解影响.DIC含量从上游至下游呈逐渐降低的趋势,而δ13CDIC值从上游至下游呈逐渐偏负的趋势,表明河流受水坝拦截后河流水化学性质发生了改...     

闽北海域水体中溶解有机碳的时空变化及其影响因素

为探讨闽北海域水体中溶解有机碳（DOC）时空变化特征及其主要影响因素,于2015年8月、11月、2016年2月和5月对闽北海域环境进行调查,分析该海域DOC时空分布特征,并探讨DOC分布与Chl a、COD、AOU、营养盐、盐度等环境因子的关系。结果表明:2015~2016年闽北海域DOC的含量范围为0.32~2.78 mg/L,均值为1.19 mg/L;季节变化上,秋季>夏季>冬季>春季;空间分布上,整体呈现由近岸向远岸逐渐降低,由南向北逐渐升高的变化趋势,各季节略有差异。DOC与Chl a、COD以及盐度有较强的相关性,与AOU和营养盐的相关性不显著,不同季节影响DOC分布的主要环境因素存在一定差异。研究海域水体中DOC主要受浮游植物光合作用、陆地径流等因素影响,不同季节主要环境因素具有一定差异。     

珠江三角洲表层水中多环芳烃的季节分布、来源和原位分配

分别于2011年4月(春季)和2011年9月(夏季)采集珠江广州河段及东江东莞河段表层水体样品,对该区域表层水体中优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的时空分布、固液分配及其来源进行了分析和讨论.结果表明,珠江广州河段及东江东莞河段表层水体中多环芳烃浓度春季高于夏季.藻类有机碳是该水环境有机碳的主要成分.溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)以及叶绿素a(Chl a)含量是控制水体PAHs浓度的主要因素,说明水环境的富营养化程度可以通过增长的浮游生物量来影响多环芳烃的生物地球化学过程,继而影响其环境行为和归宿.多环芳烃在水/颗粒物间的有机碳归一化分配系数(log Koc)与辛醇/水分配系数(log Kow)间存在明显的线性关系,其斜率是夏季大于春季,可能与多环芳烃的非平衡吸附有关.多环芳烃同系物比值法和主成分分析(PCA)的结果表明,研究区域水体中PAHs主要来源于石化燃料、煤和生物质的混合燃烧,并且PAHs的来源未体现出明显的季节变化.通过本研究我们能够比较全面的了解该流域多环芳烃的时空分布状况,固液分配及其可能的来源,并且为珠江广州河段及东江东莞河段多环芳烃污染的控制和生态风险评价提供科学依据.     

闽江河口区文武砂水库水体溶存CH4浓度时空变化特征

甲烷（CH₄）是一种重要的温室气体,在全球气候变化中扮演着重要角色.水库作为大气库中CH₄的重要来源而备受关注.为探究亚热带河口区水库溶存CH₄浓度时空变化特征及其影响因素,于2018年11月（秋季）、2019年3月（春季）和6月（夏季）分别对文武砂水库表层水进行高精度多空间点位采样分析.结果表明,文武砂水库表层水体CH₄浓度在研究期间的变化范围为0.03～27.35μmol·L^-1,呈现春、夏季显著高于秋季的时间变化特征（p<0.01）;在空间变化上,外源输入强度大的库区水体溶存CH₄浓度显著较高,且呈现出由库区沿海区向中心区递减的趋势.相关分析结果显示,水库表层水体CH₄浓度与水温、DOC浓度呈显著正相关关系（p<0.05或p<0.01）,与水体盐度和溶解氧呈显著负相关关系（p<0.01）.本研究结果证实亚热带水库是一个重要的CH₄排放源,库区周边的废水排入等因素影响了CH_4...     

红枫水库和普定水库碳、磷、硅生源要素时空分布特征

选取了营养盐浓度和水体滞留时间存在明显差异的普定水库和红枫水库作为研究对象,通过对两个水库碳、磷、硅生源要素时空变化的分析,揭示了河流筑坝水库营养盐时空分布的主要影响因素.分析结果显示:普定水库表层水体溶解性无机碳(DIC)、总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)和溶解性硅(DSi)大体上均表现出冬季较高、夏季较低的变化趋...     

北黄海大气氮氧化物的季节分布

根据2006年夏季2、007年冬春秋四个季节分别对北黄海进行的大面调查,分析研究了四季氮氧化物(NOx)的季节变化和浓度分布。结果显示,大气NOx浓度呈现明显的季节变化,表现为冬季>夏季>秋季>春季,冬季北黄海空气中NOx浓度的平均值分别是春季的4倍、夏季的2倍和秋季的2.1倍。NOx浓度在北黄海的不同区域特征呈现为近岸向远岸逐渐降低的趋势,说明陆源污染物对北黄海NOx分布有较大影响。     

南黄海浒苔绿潮暴发区氨基酸时空分布特征

根据南黄海绿潮发展过程将浒苔绿潮区分为35°N以南和35°N以北2个区域,并利用2018年南黄海海域春、夏季2个航次的调查数据研究分析了浒苔绿潮发生前后2个区域总溶解氨基酸（TDAA）、溶解游离氨基酸（DFAA）的分布特征及变化规律.结果表明,TDAA和DFAA的浓度均基本呈现近岸高远岸底的水平分布特点,35°N以南海域夏季相对于春季水体TDAA、DFAA的浓度整体呈现上升趋势,其中TDAA浓度升高程度明显,表、中层TDAA浓度分别升高了24.8%、60.6%,而35°N以北海域水体中TDAA的浓度却降低了8.7%,其中表层水体TDAA含量下降了30.1%.在DIN浓度较低的35°N以北海域,浒苔的吸收利用可能是造成该区域表层水体TDAA含量降低的重要原因.由此可见,35°N以北海域水体氨基酸等小分子有机氮对浒苔绿潮后期的维持发展起着重要的支持作用.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.