基于QMEC分析的青藏高原不同类型冰川前缘地土壤微生物功能潜力

微生物通过多种功能代谢过程主导着因气候变暖裸露的冰川前缘地土壤元素的地球化学循环.以青藏高原的海洋型冰川、亚大陆型冰川和极大陆型冰川的前缘地土壤为研究对象,分析不同类型冰川前缘地土壤的微生物功能特征.依次选择玉龙冰川、天山乌鲁木齐1号冰川和老虎沟12号冰川作为三类冰川的典型代表,采用高通量功能基因芯片(QMEC)检测土壤微生物的功能基因特征.结果表明,在三类冰川前缘地土壤中,半纤维素降解基因和还原型乙酰辅酶A途径相关的碳固定基因丰度最高,三者主要的氮功能基因和氨化作用有关,磷、硫功能基因则主要与有机磷矿化过程和硫氧化过程相关.其中,水热条件较好的海洋型冰川的微生物功能基因的种类与丰度最高,其次为环境较为干燥的极大陆型冰川.三类冰川前缘地土壤的微生物功能基因结构的显著差异,证实了地理环境差异对微生物功能特征的影响,也为不同类型冰川前缘地土壤微生物的功能及其介导的元素地球化学循环研究提供了基础.     

微生物群落对土壤微生物呼吸速率及其温度敏感性的影响

通过灭菌和重新接种不同土壤微生物群落的方法,探索了改变土壤微生物群落对土壤微生物呼吸速率及其温度敏感性的影响.结果表明,灭菌海伦黑土接种未灭菌的哈尔滨黑土、封丘潮土和祁阳红壤后,15℃时土壤CO2的累积释放量分别为684.25、753.97和644.91μg,25℃时土壤CO2的累积释放量分别为963.06、1 015.44和852.31μg,35℃时土壤CO2的累积释放量分别为1 252.55、380.36和1 177.88μg;土壤CO2的累积释放量随接种剂土壤pH增加而增加,而与接种剂土壤有机质含量高低、接种剂土壤与被接种土壤的地理距离无关.15、25和35℃时,接种不同微生物群落的土壤呼吸速率表现差异的持续时间分别为104、277和1 177 h,差异持续时间随培养温度增高而延长.接种未灭菌的哈尔滨黑土、封丘潮土和祁阳红壤后,土壤呼吸温度敏感性指数Q10在0～104 h分别为1.63、1.49和1.80,在0～277 h分别为1.43、1.39和1.46,在0～1 609 h分别为1.35、1.35和1.35;呼吸温度敏感性随接种剂土壤pH降低而增加,随培养时间延长而减小.本研究表明改变土壤微生物群落将影响土壤微生物呼吸速率及其温度敏感性.     

太湖地区3种水稻土不同温度培养中有机碳库变化及其对升温的响应

全球变暖下土壤有机碳储存的变化是土壤与全球变化研究的热点问题.本研究选择了3种太湖地区代表性水稻土的表层土壤,分别进行20℃和25℃的室内恒温培养,监测培养过程中总有机碳、溶解性有机碳和微生物量碳的变化动态,试图了解这些土壤的有机碳分解过程对全球变暖的响应特点.结果表明,这些土壤培养中总有机碳变化可以用一级衰变动力学方程或对数衰减方程描述,但动力学特征依培养温度的不同而异.升温大大促进了铁渗水耕人为土和潜育水耕人为土中有机碳的分解与呼吸损失,而铁聚水耕人为土没有显著变化.供试土壤总有机碳损失的Q₁₀系数分别为:潜育水耕人为土(11.1～14.1)＞铁渗水耕人为土(4.4～6.4)＞铁聚水耕人为土(0.63～0.73).这一方面说明温度敏感性在同一地带的不同土壤间的差异超过文献上报道的不同气候带的差异,但另一方面揭示了水稻土可能是一类对全球升温敏感响应的人为土.溶解性有机碳和微生物量的碳的变化还提示不同温度培养下水稻土微生物群落结构可能改变,因而影响到土壤有机碳库的生物有效性在温度条件下的变化.可以认为,土壤升温下有机碳的变化不但与土壤有机碳的性质有关,而且与土壤性质控制下的生物条件的改变有关.故土壤升温下有机碳的损失不仅仅是温度对分解过程的反应速度的影响.当然,对于不同土壤间的这种差异还需从有机碳-土壤环境-土壤生物的相互关系上做进一步的工作.     

20世纪气候变化情况下的斯匹次卑尔根群岛景观:南角地

利用多种方法对欧洲北极地区典型中等尺度景观对气候变化的响应进行概述.首先是进行野外调查和观测.由于南角地的大部分地区由冰川覆盖,且随着20世纪气候的变暖,该区冰川发生急剧的退缩,因此冰川在南角地地区的景观中发挥着重要的作用.冰川退缩对景观的影响非常强烈,这反映在区域的第四纪沉积地貌、水体、动物、植被和土壤等.20世纪最重要的景观变化表现在:冰川平衡线海拔高度升高了100～200m;冰川表面的大规模退缩和冰储量的急剧减少;入海冰川的退缩引起的陆地面积显著的减少;海岸线的变长尤其海岸冰崖的增多;陆地水网的发育和冰川退缩区内植被演替的开始.小冰期以来,南角地地区并未发生均衡抬升.     

半干旱区土壤微生物呼吸对极端降水的响应

了解土壤微生物呼吸对极端降水的响应对深入理解全球变暖趋势下降水格局的改变对土壤碳循环的影响具有重要意义.于2015年雨季(7~9月)在长武农田生态系统国家野外站,模拟了3种雨季降水量(最高600 mm;平均300 mm;最低150 mm)条件下两种降水形式(每次10 mm:P_(10),每次150 mm:P_(150)).利用土壤碳通量测量系统(Li-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)监测不同降水条件下土壤微生物呼吸速率及其土壤水分、温度的变化.相同次降水量条件下,土壤微生物呼吸波动因雨季降水量变化而不同.P_(150)较P_(10)波动剧烈,600 mm降水量下土壤微生物呼吸变异系数分别为36%和33%;300 mm降水量下为28%和22%,150 mm降水量下依次为43%和29%.与P_(10)相比,P_(150)土壤微生物呼吸累积量在600 mm降水量下降低20%;但150 mm降水量下增加22%,300 mm降水量下二者无显著差异.土壤累积呼吸量与水分胁迫时间长短呈显著负相关(R2=0.75).全球变暖趋势下极端性降水事件增加对土壤微生物呼吸的影响不容忽视.     

直流电场对根际土壤微生物群落的影响及其机理

电场作用下根际土壤微生物群落的变化与利用电场强化植物修复效率密切相关.文章利用改进的PCR-DGGE(多聚酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳)方法,研究了不同电场条件下根际土壤微生物群落多样性和相似性的变化,分析了直流电场对土壤微生物群落的影响机理.结果表明,电场对根际土壤微生物群落的影响与电场条件有关,合适的电场条件有助于增加土壤微生物群落的多样性,但是电场形式、强度和施加方式不当则会使土壤微生物群落的多样性和结构受到明显影响.电场作用下土壤性质的变化、电场对土壤微生物的迁移作用和致死效应、以及微生物对环境压力的生理响应等是电场影响土壤微生物群落的主要机制.为了避免电场对根际土壤微生物的不利影响,利用电场强化植物修复时需要采用合适的电场条件.     

不同沼灌年限稻田土壤微生物群落分析

为了探明不同沼灌年限稻田耕层土壤微生物群落多样性变化,明确稻田耕层土壤微生物群落多样性对不同沼灌年限的响应,本文原位系统采集了不同沼灌年限的稻田土壤,并采用高通量测序技术对不同沼灌年限稻田土壤的微生物群落结构进行了分析.结果表明,随着沼灌年限的增加,土壤pH值逐渐下降,有机质、硝态氮、磷酸盐等养分逐渐累积.沼灌不利于水稻产量的形成.高通量测序技术较全面和准确地反映了不同沼灌年限稻田土壤微生物群落结构在门、纲、目、科、属这5个水平上的分布,在沼灌稻田微生物群落多样性的表征方面具有明显的优势.随着沼灌年限的增加,稻田土壤微生物群落的物种丰富度逐渐降低,微生物群落的多样性也逐渐降低.典型对应分析的结果表明,土壤溶解性有机碳(F=2.67,P=0.09)是影响沼灌稻田土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子.     

土壤硝化和反硝化微生物群落及活性对大气CO2浓度和温度升高的响应

硝化和反硝化微生物参与土壤氮循环转化过程,大气CO_2浓度和温度升高可能会影响它们的群落结构和活性.本试验依托稻-麦轮作农田系统气候变化平台研究大气CO_2浓度单独升高(CE)、升温(WA)以及两者同时升高(CW)对麦田土壤硝化和反硝化微生物基因丰度、群落结构和活性的影响.结果表明,在小麦分蘖期,大气CO_2浓度和温度升高对氨氧化细菌(AOB)和反硝化细菌丰度没有影响,而在抽穗和成熟期,CO_2浓度单独升高显著提高了氨氧化古菌(AOA)和反硝化细菌丰度,升温处理对其没有显著影响.通过对T-RFLP数据分析发现,大气CO_2浓度和温度升高对土壤AOA、AOB和反硝化细菌群落结构没有显著影响,但是在一定程度上改变了AOA和反硝化细菌多样性.另外,CO_2浓度单独升高处理显著提高了成熟期的土壤硝化速率,不同气候变化处理对反硝化速率没有显著影响.研究表明大气CO_2浓度和温度升高对不同生育期的微生物群落影响存在差异,而且功能微生物对不同气候变化因子处理的响应也各不相同.     

长期复合重金属污染对土壤解磷微生物的影响

为进一步了解长期重金属污染压力下解磷微生物群落分布及潜在功能的变化,采用宏基因组学技术系统分析了北京某金矿周边土壤中含phoD基因或pqqE基因的解磷微生物对不同程度的复合重金属污染的响应.结果表明:重金属对解磷微生物确有影响,随重金属浓度增加,解磷微生物相对丰度逐渐降低,酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)是重金属复合污染土壤中的解磷微生物的优势菌门.重金属是与解磷微生物群落最显著相关的因素,重金属As、Pb、Zn对解磷微生物影响较大,Nitrospirae、Acidobacteria、Gemmatimonadete、Proteobacteria更易受到重金属的影响发生群落结构改变,其中Nitrospirae对Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cd多种重金属表现出敏感性.有效磷浓度与解有机磷微生物多样性呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),碱性磷酸酶活性与解无机磷微生物多样性显著负相关,而土壤有机质、总氮、pH值对重金属污染土壤中解磷微生物多样性无显著影响.研究结果为进一步探索长期重金属污染压力下解磷微生物的生态适应机制提供参考.     

邻苯二甲酸酯对土壤微生物群落多样性的影响

邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）是存在最广泛的有机有毒污染物之一.利用BIOLOG和ARDRA方法,分别考察了不同浓度PAEs对土壤微生物代谢多样性和遗传多样性的影响.结果表明,不同浓度PAEs处理的土壤的平均颜色变化率（AWCD）值随时间增加的幅度不同,PAEs浓度越高、AWCD值增幅越小,对微生物代谢活性的抑制作用越大;不同浓度PAEs处理样品中微生物群落生理代谢活性和碳代谢类群表现出明显差异,空白和低浓度土壤微生物以糖类和羧酸类代谢群为优势类群,而中浓度和高浓度土壤微生物以多胺类代谢群为优势类群;主成分分析也显示碳代谢类型出现差异,PC1就能将4个样品很好地分开,与PC1正相关程度较高的碳源有L-天冬酰胺酸、 4-羟基苯甲酸和D-苹果酸,负相关的碳源有D-半乳糖醛酸、i-赤藻糖醇、γ-羟基丁酸和1-磷酸葡萄糖.ARDRA带型分析表明不同的土壤样品的多样性指数随着PAEs浓度的增加而增加,短时间内PAEs能增加土壤微生物群落的代谢多样性.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.