苯胺水溶液的电子束辐照降解

以苯胺类化合物中的苯胺为具体对象,进行了苯胺水溶液受到电子束辐照后的降解过程和特性研究,分别考察了吸收剂量、溶液初始浓度、溶液初始pH和过氧化氢加入量等因素对苯胺辐照降解效果的影响.实验结果表明,电子束辐照可以有效降解水溶液中的苯胺,当苯胺初始浓度为70 mg·L-1,吸收剂量为23.7 kGy时,苯胺降解率可达91%,COD去除率可达27%.过氧化氢的加入能够明显地提高苯胺的降解效果,COD去除率最高可达98%.溶液初始pH在2.0～11.0范围内,pH对苯胺的辐射降解影响较小.     

水中磺胺二甲基嘧啶的辐照降解研究

以典型磺胺类抗生素磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMT)为研究对象,利用电离辐照技术对其进行降解,去除效果良好,采用理论分析与实验验证相结合的方法,揭示了SMT辐照降解特性.通过色谱和化学分析原理,探讨了辐照降解中间产物及其变化规律.进行了污染物初始浓度,初始pH值,气体曝气及自由基消除剂等影响因素实验,分析各因素下SMT降解规律和特性.结果显示,较低的污染物浓度,偏中性的环境,较高的溶解氧含量有利于污染物的降解和矿化.自由基消除剂的加入可极大抑制反应进行,揭示了在SMT辐照降解过程中·OH发挥主导作用,正丁醇的抑制效果远好于HCO_3-.在实际水处理中,通过适当调整溶液浓度,调节pH值,增加曝气量可有效提高磺胺类抗生素的辐照降解效率.     

四溴双酚A的辐照降解研究

研究了甲醇-水溶液中四溴双酚A(TBBPA)的电子束辐照降解.通过测定辐照前后TBBPA的浓度变化来研究吸收剂量、初始浓度、pH、自由基清除剂对辐照降解效果的影响.结果表明,TBBPA在甲醇-水溶液的辐照降解是还原性逐步脱溴降解过程,自由电子在降解过程中起主导作用,降解反应遵循一级动力学方程.在辐照剂量为10 kGy时,20 mg.L-1的TBBPA有91.6%发生脱溴降解,当向辐照体系充入氮气并且加入叔丁醇,可将TBBPA的降解效率提高到100%,或者调节辐照体系溶液的pH值至12,TBBPA的降解效率也可以达到100%.辐照降解是处理TBBPA的一种有效手段.     

水中磺胺甲(噁)唑和磺胺嘧啶的γ辐照降解研究

文章研究了水溶液中磺胺甲啊恶唑(SMX)和磺胺嘧啶(SD)的γ射线辐照降解,考察了吸收剂量、初始浓度、溶解氧和pH值条件对SMX和SD降解的影响。结果表明,γ辐照可有效降解水中的SMX和SD,其降解率和矿化程度随吸收剂量的增加而升高;较低的初始浓度和中性溶液条件有利于SMX和SD的辐照降解;溶解氧可使降解受到一定的抑制,强酸和强碱环境均不利于反应的进行。在pH为6.5的条件下,初始浓度为5 mg/L的SMX和SD溶液分别受到5 kGy和1.5 kGy的辐射照射时,SMX和SD被完全降解转化,研究结果可为水体中抗生素的辐照降解提供技术参考。     

γ辐照降解水溶液中氯酚的研究

研究了水溶液中氯酚(2-氯酚、3-氯酚、4-氯酚、2,4-二氯酚)的γ辐照降解.通过测定辐照前后氯酚、氯离子浓度以及TOC的变化,考察了不同氯酚、不同初始浓度,以及联合O3、H2O2对辐解效果的影响.结果表明,γ辐照可有效降解水溶液中的氯酚,降解过程符合准一级动力学方程;初始浓度为100mag·L-1,辐照剂量为8kGy时,2-CP、3-CP、4-CP、2,4-DCP的去除率分别为68.0%、97.5%、89.7%和100%,相应的脱氯率分别为60.2%、71.1%、64.3%、78.9%;辐照联合O3或H2O2可有效提高辐照降解氯酚的去除和矿化效率,具有明显"协同效应".     

高能辐射去除饮用水中邻苯二甲酸酯的影响因素

为提高高能辐射去除邻苯二甲酸脂类化合物(PAEs)的能效,研究了辐射去除的主要影响因素:剂量、射线类型、初始浓度、气氛、pH值、共存物质以及PAE类型(邻苯二甲酸二甲酯,DMP;邻苯二甲酸二乙酯,DEP;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,DBP).以DMP为研究对象,辐照功效(GD)随PAEs初始浓度增加而增加,但随吸收剂量的增加而下降;辐照存在剂量率效应,在同等剂量下,g 辐照比EB辐照能量利用率更高.不同气氛条件下辐照降解效率顺序为:充O2>饱和空气>充N2;在本试验浓度下,辐射降解的最适初始 pH值是5~10,较低或较高pH值都会降低去除效率;水中阴离子抑制剂存在会降低去除效果.不同类型PAEs辐照去除效率大小依次为DMP,DEP,DBP.     

γ-射线辐照-H2O2联合技术降解3-氯酚的研究

利用60Coγ-射线辐照3-氯酚(3-CP)水溶液,研究了其辐射降解特性.通过测量辐射后3-氯酚的去除率、紫外-可见光谱、脱氯率、总有机碳(TOC)去除率等,探讨了吸收剂量、氯酚初始浓度、H2O2加入对氯酚降解效果的影响,并初步探讨了氯酚降解动力学特性.结果表明,当3-氯酚浓度为10 mg.L-1,辐射剂量为2 kGy时,脱氯率可达100%,TOC去除率达53%;当辐射剂量提高到8 kGy时,3-氯酚可完全矿化,TOC去除率达100%.3-氯酚的辐照降解过程可用一级反应动力学方程拟合.氯酚单独γ-辐射以及辐照/H2O2联合处理的一级反应动力学常数k分别为0.279 h-1和0.542 h-1.     

γ辐照和H2O2联合作用下五氯酚(PCP)的降解

研究了水溶液中的五氯酚(PCP)在γ辐照和过氧化氢(H2O2)联合作用下的降解.PCP的初始浓度为27.7 mg·L-1,外加H2O2的初始浓度为0、50和100 mg·L-1.结果表明,PCP在不同条件下的辐照降解符合准一级动力学方程.当外加H2O2的初始浓度在0～100 mg·L-1时,PCP的去除率、矿化率和脱氯...     

基于细管流紫外反应系统探讨紫外和真空紫外/紫外辐照下水中微量磺胺甲噻二唑的光降解效果

水环境中存在的微量有机污染物可在较低浓度下对人类造成较大的危害.基于细管流紫外反应系统(MFPS)研究了典型微量有机污染物磺胺甲噻二唑(SML)在紫外(UV)和真空紫外/紫外(VUV/UV)辐照下的光降解过程,发现SML在VUV/UV辐照下的降解速率明显快于UV辐照.采用MFPS测定了各光化学动力学参数:UV和VUV/UV辐照下光子剂量基反应速率常数分别为0.88×10~3和4.64×10~3m~2·einstein-1;量子产率分别为0.227和0.379;羟基自由基(HO·)和SML的二级反应速率常数测定为6.59×10~9L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).探讨了pH值和初始SML浓度对降解效果的影响,结果表明,VUV/UV辐照下pH 7.0时的SML降解速率达到最大,而UV辐照下SML的降解速率随pH增加而逐渐增大;初始SML浓度的增大会降低UV和VUV/UV辐照下的降解速率.此外,本研究表明MFPS作为实验室光反应系统可快速、准确地测量各光反应动力学参数,VUV/UV在去除水中微量有机污染物方面的效果优于UV,可较好的处理水中微量有机污染物.     

金属铁还原降解2,4-二硝基甲苯的实验研究

研究了金属铁对2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT)的还原降解情况.实验结果表明,2,4-DNT的还原降解与溶液初始pH值、初始浓度和溶解氧等因素有关.氯离子能消除金属铁的钝化现象.金属铁表面附载的铜对2,4-DNT的还原降解具有催化作用.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.