国内外生态补偿机制的对比分析与研究

建立和完善生态补偿机制,是新时期中国生态环境保护政策创新的重要内容,也是新时期中国推进生态文明建设的必然选择.文章首先介绍了生态补偿的概念和内涵,重点阐述了国外的欧盟、美国、德国-捷克以及国内的浙江省、深圳市和苏州市在生态补偿机制方面的做法和经验,在此基础上提出对常州市的借鉴和启示,主要包括:依靠政府的大力推动、完善生态补偿政策和法律法规的制度,为常州市生态补偿相关管理制度和办法的制定提供理论基础.     

关于完善中国生态补偿机制若干问题的研究

随着中国经济的迅速发展,生态和环境问题已经成为阻碍经济社会发展的瓶颈.近年提出的科学发展观,对生态建设给予高度重视.建立完善的生态补偿机制,已经成为解决生态环境问题的核心问题,文章对生态补偿的定义、理论基础进行了阐述,根据国内外生态补偿发展的最新状况,结合中国目前生态补偿机制出现的问题如生态补偿标准不合理,补偿机制缺乏有效的法律基础,现行的资源税费未能反映生态补偿的内容,没有建立完善的良性融资机制,各行业与管理部门的条块分割等,提出了完善中国生态补偿机制的对策.     

建立东江源生态补偿机制的探讨

东江是香港特别行政区和珠江三角洲地区的重要水源.保护建设好东江源生态环境意义重大,而建立东江源生态补偿机制是保护建设好源区生态环境、促进流域和谐发展的重要保证.本文从东江源区自然、社会经济状况,生态保护投入与发展机会损失、未来生态保护投入需求与资金瓶颈、源区生态补偿需求、生态补偿的政策渊源和环境经济学基础、典型示范意义等方面论述了建立东江源生态补偿机制的必要性.根据国内外生态补偿实践及源区的生态环境保护建设和上下游的社会经济发展状况,从生态补偿责任主体、标准、方式、途径等方面探讨了源区的生态补偿机制设计,并提出了政策建议.     

引滦入津上下游横向生态补偿机制试点进展与建议

实施生态保护补偿是调动各方积极性、保护好生态环境的重要手段,是生态文明体制改革的重要内容。本研究首先对引滦入津工程生态补偿的背景、津冀两省市协议内容、考核目标、实施进展、取得的成效进行了概述;并针对生态补偿实施中存在的资金缺口较大、库区脱贫攻坚任务艰巨、生态补偿协同机制有待完善等问题提出建议:提高补偿标准,建立多元化生态保护补偿方式;结合精准脱贫和生态脱贫,建立长效生态保护补偿机制;创新生态保护补偿政策协同机制,健全配套制度体系。     

中国生态补偿政策评估与框架初探

按照法律法规、政府手段、市场机制的体系对中国现行的生态补偿机制与政策进行了系统的评估,总结了中国生态补偿机制和政策在法律法规体系、财政制度、重大生态建设工程、生态税费制度和市场交易模式等方面存在的问题和改进方向.在此基础上,基于不同尺度上的生态建设外部性问题,提出中国生态补偿机制和政策的初步框架,包括西部生态补偿、生态功能区补偿、流域生态补偿和生态要素补偿等.并针对当前生态补偿面临的紧迫问题和可能的应对措施,提出近阶段中国生态补偿应该重点突破的若干政策领域.      

关于在生态省建设中尽快建立生态补偿机制的思考

目前,全国已有近半数的省份开展了生态省创建工作.实践证明,生态省建设是促进区域经济、社会、环境实现全面、协调、可持续发展的有效载体.生态补偿机制是生态环境保护与建设过程中的一种经济手段,通过建立生态补偿机制,不仅可以有效解决生态省建设过程中资金不足的问题,还可以起到重要的资源调控作用,从而推动生态省建设健康、快速发展.本文阐述建立生态补偿机制的重要意义、指导思想和基本原则,提出了建立生态补偿机制的措施与途径,并结合生态省建设工作实际,就如何强化生态补偿资金的监督与管理提出了建议.     

流域生态补偿机制对策研究

流域生态补偿制度是促进流域共同发展,体现生态保护的经济价值和市场价值的一种有力工具,在国际上流域生态补偿工作已有比较成功的事例。中国目前的流域生态补偿机制的研究和实践正处于起步阶段,本文通过对国内外流域生态补偿机制的调查和研究,分析了中国流域生态补偿建设中存在的突出问题,提出了改进流域生态补偿机制的对策建议。     

中国流域环境与生态补偿机制的经济学研究

由于现有的流域环境与生态补偿机制研究缺乏明确的概念界定及理论体系,使得中国流域环境与生态机制的研究范围、内容、方法等都显得含混不清。本文从经济学的角度出发,研究中国流域存在的环境与生态问题,说明流域环境与生态补偿机制研究的必要和重要性,分析流域环境与生态补偿机制的内容,探索如何从根本上解决流域环境与生态补偿具体措施的动力与机制问题,以推进流域环境与生态建设工作。     

生态补偿机制创新建设与完善

生态补偿是国家治理生态环境的重要政策工具,探索行之有效的生态补偿机制是解决生态环境外部性问题的重要方式.通过对当前我国生态补偿实践的发展以及存在问题的分析,建立从"补偿路径、补偿工具、补偿方式"出发构建的"三层统一"生态补偿机制,其中政府,市场,民众"三主体,五方向"的补偿路径是此生态补偿机制的路径层次;资本是此生态补...     

黄河流域生态补偿研究进展与展望

黄河流域是我国重要的生态功能区,在全国经济社会发展格局中具有重要作用。生态补偿作为保护流域生态环境、促进人与自然和谐的重要手段,在推动黄河流域高质量发展过程中具有重要作用。本文从流域区段、评价方法、影响效应、优化思路、保障机制等方面对黄河流域生态补偿的理论和实践成果进行了综述,同时提出加强多学科协同攻关、构建具有区域特征的生态补偿模式、加快建立以海定陆的生态补偿机制、注重生态损害形成机制和程度评估、加强构建多元化生态补偿保障体系等未来研究中需要深化和完善的几点建议,以期为中国经济高质量发展阶段黄河流域生态补偿的理论与实践研究提供启示和借鉴。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.