中国典型农田土壤有机碳密度的空间分异及影响因素

农田土壤有机碳密度（SOCD）是衡量土壤肥力和土壤质量的重要指标.为理解我国农田SOCD空间分异特征及其影响因素,基于中国生态系统研究网络19个典型农田生态站2005~2015年SOCD的监测数据,利用地理探测器方法,分析了农田SOCD空间分异的影响因素.结果表明,我国不同站点农田SOCD平均值变化范围为0.83~4.97 kg·m^-2,并呈现出湿润季风区高于干旱半干旱地区的空间分异特征.在不同土地利用方式下,水稻田SOCD明显高于其他类型的农田,并且其表现出显著增加的趋势（P<0.05）,增加速率为0.13 kg·（m²·a）^-1.土壤理化性状和降水量是影响农田SOCD空间分布的重要因素,特别是土壤碱解氮含量对农田SOCD空间分布影响最大,且它分别与纬度、土壤类型、降水量及土壤pH等因素交互后影响力显著增强,本研究结果对我国农田温室气体减排增汇提供重要的科学依据.     

黄土丘陵区不同恢复植被类型的固碳特征

为分析黄土高原水土流失严重区不同恢复植被类型的固碳特征,比较恢复年限和坡向因素对植被碳汇效应的影响,在陕北黄土丘陵区选取了6种典型植被类型（农地、草地、沙棘、柠条、刺槐和山杨）,研究了不同类型的生态系统碳密度及其构成特征.结果表明：①半干旱黄土区植被恢复具有明显的碳汇功能,不同植被组分（地上生物、地下根系和枯落物）碳密度均表现出乔木>灌丛>草地>农地的变化特征.农地0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳密度最低（1355.5 g ·m^-2）,草地、沙棘、柠条、刺槐和山杨较农地分别增加了91.4%、125.2%、144.0%、124.5%和232.6%.②草地、沙棘、柠条和山杨的不同植被组分碳密度和不同土层（0~5、5~20和20~40 cm）土壤有机碳密度随恢复时间的推移总体上表现出增加趋势.③坡向对农地和草地植被碳密度无明显影响,沙棘、柠条、刺槐和山杨不同坡向间的植被碳密度差异明显.土壤有机碳密度存在明显的阴阳坡差异,农地、草地、沙棘、柠条、刺槐和山杨阳坡土壤有机碳密度分别比阴坡减少了22.9%、34.3%、75.8%、49.1%、22.4%和69.4%.④不同类型的生态系统碳密度差异明显,其中农地最低（2022.1 g ·m^-2）,草地、沙棘、柠条、刺槐和山杨较农地分别增加了48.7%、152.8%、125.1%、166.3%和530.7%.生态系统各组分碳密度总体表现为：土壤层>地上生物层>根系层>枯落物层.土壤有机碳构成了农地、草地、沙棘、柠条和刺槐碳密度的主体,分别占生态系统碳密度的67.0%、86.3%、59.7%、72.7%和56.5%.研究结果可为黄土高原地区科学管理生态系统碳库和推进生态环境治理提供重要依据.     

沼泽湿地开垦后土壤水热条件变化与碳、氮动态

三江平原沼泽湿地的垦殖对土壤环境产生了一定的影响.沼泽湿地开垦前,6～9月湿地表层土壤(10cm)温度均值为12.72℃±4.12℃,明显低于垦后农田(16.71℃±3.81℃).湿地垦殖后土壤温度的增高及氧化-还原条件的改变,促进土壤有机质的分解和土壤呼吸通量的增大, 垦后农田8～9月土壤平均呼吸通量[(946.36±195.78)mg·(m²·h)^-1]是天然沼泽湿地[(153.75±82.59)mg·(m²·h)^-1]的6倍.土壤有机碳及氮素含量随湿地开垦及开垦年限的增加而降低,沼泽湿地开垦初期5～7a,土壤有机碳及其它营养元素的含量变化幅度较大,持续耕作15～20a后,土壤有机碳损失曲线趋于相对稳定值.土壤有机质输入量的减少及分解作用加强导致土壤持水量降低,其变化趋势与土壤有机碳损失趋势相一致.     

北京南部城区PM2.5中碳质组分特征

为了解《大气污染防治行动计划》实施后北京市大气PM_2.5中碳质组分特征,于2017年12月至2018年12月在北京污染较重的南部城区进行了PM_2.5连续采样,对其中的有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）进行了全面研究.结果表明,北京大气PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度变化范围分别为4.2~366.3、0.9~74.5和0.0~5.5 μg ·m^-3,平均浓度分别为（77.1±52.1）、（11.2±7.8）和（1.2±0.8）μg ·m^-3,碳质组分（OC和EC）整体占PM_2.5的16.1%.OC质量浓度季节特征表现为：冬季[（13.8±8.7）μg ·m^-3] > 春季[（12.7±9.6）μg ·m^-3] > 秋季[（11.8±6.2）μg ·m^-3] > 夏季[（6.5±2.1）μg ·m^-3],EC四季质量浓度水平均较低,范围为0.8~1.5 μg ·m^-3.二次有机碳（SOC）年均质量浓度为（5.4±5.8）μg ·m^-3,四季贡献比例范围为45.7%~52.3%,年均贡献为48.2%,凸显了二次形成的重要贡献.随污染加重,尽管OC和EC贡献比例均降低,但浓度水平却成倍升高,OC和EC浓度在严重污染天分别是空气质量为优天的6.3和3.2倍.与非供暖时段相比,供暖时段PM_2.5、OC和SOC浓度分别增加了14.4%、47.9%和72.1%,体现了OC对供暖季PM_2.5污染的重要贡献.PSCF分析表明,位于北京西南的山西省和河南省部分区域是PM_2.5和OC的主要潜在源区,且PM_2.5潜在源区更为集中;EC的PSCF高值（>0.7）区域较少,主要位于北京南部,如山东省和河南省部分地区,且北京市及周边地区贡献明显.     

不同气候情景下甘肃草地碳收支时空模拟与预测

在碳达峰、碳中和的背景下,草地碳汇是实现碳中和的关键路径.基于第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）气候情景数据,运用Daycent模型对甘肃草地2015~2100年碳收支进行模拟,并利用趋势分析法研究未来78 a草地碳收支的时空变化规律.结果表明,SSP245未来气候情景下,净生态系统生产力（NEP）呈不显著波动下降趋势,速率（以C计,下同）达-0.20 g ·（m² ·a）^-1,且该情景下草地碳汇处于下降状态;SSP585未来气候情景下,草地NEP以1.36 g ·（m² ·a）^-1的速率呈显著波动上升趋势,草地碳汇逐渐增加;草地碳收支的空间分布由西北向东南递增;SSP585气候情景下的温度和降水的增幅高于SSP245的气候情景,且草地碳收支与降水量的变动具有一致性,与温度的变化呈反向关系.研究明确了在不同气候情景下甘肃草地的碳汇强度,对有效固碳有参考和促进作用.     

张掖市城区大气细颗粒物PM2.5的化学组成及来源解析

为研究张掖市城区大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的污染特征和来源,于2020年9月至2021年7月在张掖市城区的河西学院和湿地博物馆2个采样点进行了PM_2.5样品采集,对PM_2.5浓度、化学组成（水溶性无机离子、碳质组分和元素）和来源进行分析.结果表明,河西学院和湿地博物馆两个采样点的年均ρ（PM_2.5）分别为（73.7±31.8）μg·m^-3和（68.1±33.3）μg·m^-3,季节浓度均值均呈现春季>冬季>秋季>夏季的变化.河西学院采样点的二次水溶性无机离子（SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺）年均值高于湿地博物馆.河西学院采样点的ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）分别为（9.6±5.7）μg·m^-3和（2.9±1.6）μg·m^-3,湿地博物馆采样点的年均ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）分别为（9.2±5.8）μg·m^-3和（2.5±1.3）μg·m^-3,河西学院的含碳组分在各季节均高于湿地博物馆.河西学院和湿地博物馆两个采样点的年均二次有机碳（SOC）在OC中的质量分数分别为49.4%和43.7%,表明张掖市存在较为严重的二次污染.河西学院和湿地博物馆两个采样点的元素浓度年均值分别为（6.0±3.5）μg·m^-3和（5.8±3.9）μg·m^-3,受到人为源的影响,Zn、Ca、Al和Fe等元素浓度水平相对较高.正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）结果表明,张掖城区PM_2.5的主要贡献源为二次气溶胶（28.0%）、交通源（25.8%）、扬尘源（15.2%）、燃煤源（14.0%）、生物质燃烧和垃圾焚烧源（12.5%）和工艺过程源（4.5%）.     

承德市PM2.5中碳质组分的季节分布特征及来源解析

为研究承德市PM_2.5中碳质组分的季节变化及污染来源,于2019年1、4、7和10月采集大气PM_2.5样品,测定碳质组分浓度.通过有机碳（OC）与元素碳（EC）比值、总碳质气溶胶（TCA）及二次有机碳（SOC）的估算,分析碳质组分的变化特征;结合后向轨迹和主成分分析（PCA）方法,分析污染来源.结果表明,采样期间PM_2.5、OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为（31.26±21.39）、（13.27±8.68）和（2.80±1.95）μg ·m^-3.PM_2.5的季节变化趋势为：冬季[（47.68±30.37）μg ·m^-3]>秋季[（28.72±17.12）μg ·m^-3]>春季[（26.59±15.32）μg ·m^-3]>夏季[（23.17±8.38）μg ·m^-3],与总碳（TC）、OC和EC季节变化趋势一致,冬季（R²=0.85）的OC与EC来源较一致;OC/EC值得出4个季节均受到交通和燃煤源排放的影响,且冬季受烟煤排放影响显著.TCA的平均浓度为（21.38±13.68）μg ·m^-3,占PM_2.5比例达68.39%,二次转化率（SOC/OC）为：春季（54.09%）>秋季（37.64%）>夏季（32.91%）>冬季（25.43%）.后向轨迹模拟结果表明,春季和夏季气团携带的污染物浓度相对较低,秋季污染物的传输通道为西南方向,冬季为西北方向,主成分分析（PCA）表明,承德市PM_2.5削减的关键是控制机动车尾气、燃煤和生物质燃烧源的排放.     

高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌对沙化土壤细菌群落及肥力的影响

探讨高量秸秆还田模式协同配施芽孢杆菌等功能菌群对沙化土壤的培肥潜能,解析土壤碳氮磷组分和菌群功能活性的变化特征,可为高效提升沙化土壤肥力提供依据.采用随机区组试验,设置秸秆不还田（CK）、高量还田梯度分别为6.00 kg ·m^-2（ST1）、12.00 kg ·m^-2（ST2）、24.00 kg ·m^-2（ST3）、6.00 kg ·m^-2+芽孢杆菌（SM1）、12.00 kg ·m^-2+芽孢杆菌（SM2）和24.00 kg ·m^-2+芽孢杆菌（SM3）这7个处理组.利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术分析细菌多样性和群落结构,土壤农化分析方法测定土壤化学性质.结果发现：①高量秸秆还田协同配施芽孢杆菌显著降低土壤细菌群落α多样性;②高量秸秆还田单一模式显著富集变形菌门,降低放线菌门的相对丰度,配施芽孢杆菌对细菌群落结构变异性的影响更显著,在属水平上表现为假单胞菌、罗河杆菌和芽孢杆菌等有益菌属的相对丰度显著增加;③基于FAPROTAX的功能预测发现：高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌显著提高了土壤菌群对有机物质的分解潜力和氮组分转化潜力;④与对照相比较,高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌显著提升了ω（SOM）、ω（TP）和ω（AP）,分别提高了31.20~32.75 g ·kg^-1、0.11~0.18 g ·kg^-1和29.69~35.09 mg ·kg^-1.因此,高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌可显著提升沙化土壤有机质与磷组分含量、细菌功能活性与有益菌属丰度,对旱区沙化中低产田地力快速提升具有重要意义.     

生物炭与土壤调理剂对滨海荒芜重盐碱地的改良效应

以土壤改良剂对荒芜重盐碱地生物改良和开发利用为研究目标,在华北低平原区滨海荒芜重盐碱地开展了施用生物炭（B）和调理剂（C）种植先锋作物油葵的大田试验.生物炭用量设2个水平（0和1.25 kg ·m^-2）调理剂施用量设3个水平,分别为0、0.83和1.66 kg ·m^-2,共6个处理.油葵收获后按照每30 cm一层采至90 cm搜集土样.结果表明,施用生物炭提高0~30 cm和60~90 cm土层含盐量,而土壤调理剂则显著降低0~30 cm土壤含盐量.没有发现生物炭或调理剂对土壤pH有显著影响.生物炭处理显著抑制土壤硝化作用,导致0~90 cm土层NO₃^--N含量显著下降,NH₄⁺-N含量提高,对有机质（SOM）含量没有显著影响.施用土壤调理剂提高0~30 cm土壤SOM含量,调理剂施用量为1.66 kg ·m^-2时0~90 cm土层的NO₃^--N含量显著增加.单施生物炭与调理剂或者二者组合均显著增加0~90 cm土壤NH₄⁺-N含量、有效磷（Olsen-P）含量和有效钾（K_ex）含量,但生物炭对这3种养分含量的提升效果更显著,土壤调理剂则在增加0~30 cm土壤有机质和降盐方面更有效.施用高量调理剂促进土壤硝化作用,而施用生物炭恰恰起到硝化抑制剂的作用,因此,将生物炭与土壤调理剂结合施用,是滨海荒芜重盐碱地防止NO₃^--N淋失、减少环境污染、增肥降盐并保障耐盐先锋作物高肥低盐生长环境的有效措施.     

一体式短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺启动过程的亚硝酸盐调控

以两类中试反应器（SBR,116.6 m³,活性污泥法和SBBR,64.8 m³,泥膜法）为对象,接种猪场废水处理厂的活性污泥,通过控制DO、曝气方式为主和外加NaNO₂为辅的亚硝酸盐调控策略,考察不同反应器在启动一体式短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化（combined partial nitritation and ANAMMOX,CPNA）工艺过程中NO₂^--N浓度对ANAMMOX菌的影响.结果表明,在相同运行条件下,泥膜共生的SBBR更适于短程硝化的快速启动.尽管受到NO₂^--N抑制（100~129 mg ·L^-1,共计7 d）,但SBR在第39 d成功启动了ANAMMOX工艺,其TNRR和TNRE分别为0.069 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1和23.3%,而长达17 d的NO₂^--N抑制（129~286 mg ·L^-1）则对SBBR中ANAMMOX菌活性造成了难以恢复的影响.外加NaNO₂后,SBR在第77 d成功启动了CPNA工艺,TNRR和TNRE分别从第51 d的0.070 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1和16.0%迅速提高至第77 d的0.336 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1和52.2%,ANAMMOX菌的活性也由最初的0.012 kg ·（kg ·d）^-1快速升高至第77 d的0.307 kg ·（kg ·d）^-1;SBR中AOB和ANAMMOX菌的基因拷贝数浓度由最初的8.06×10⁶ copies ·mL^-1和4.42×10⁴ copies ·mL^-1分别增长至第77 d的1.02×10⁹ copies ·mL^-1和1.77×10⁷ copies ·mL^-1,表明以调控DO和曝气方式为主,辅以外加NaNO₂的亚硝酸盐调控策略可有效实现反应器中AOB和ANAMMOX菌的快速增长.合理的NO₂^--N调控是CPNA工艺快速启动的关键因素.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.