无机添加剂对PVDF/PMMA/TPU中空纤维共混膜结构与性能的影响

采用相转化法制备纳米氧化物PVDF/PMMA/TPU共混中空纤维膜。测定共混膜的纯水接触角和黏度、并经扫描电子显微镜、共混膜的超滤实验和拉伸实验分别对不同添加剂膜的亲水性能、微观结构、超滤性能和机械性能进行了分析。结果表明,纳米氧化物的加入使膜的性能有明显的改善,其中无氧化物、添加SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3的PVDF/PMMA/TPU复合膜对牛血清白蛋白的截留率分别为28.7%、65.8%7、1.4%和79.6%,同时添加无机氧化物的膜水通量也较未添加无机氧化物的膜有所提高;而且无机氧化物的加入还能改善膜的亲水性能和机械性能。     

纳米氧化物粒子对PVDF中空纤维膜结构与性能的影响

采用相转化法制备纳米氧化物/聚偏氟乙烯复合中空纤维膜,讨论了纳米氧化钛和氧化铝粒子对PVDF膜结构和性能的影响.应用牛血清白蛋白截留实验、扫描电子显微镜、傅立叶红外光谱分别对不同膜的分离性能、微观结构和晶相组成进行了分析.结果表明,复合膜的性能与纯PVDF膜相比有显著地改善,其中纯PVDF膜、Al₂O₃/PVDF和TiO₂/PVDF复合膜对牛血清白蛋白的截留率分别为3.27%、67.20%和86.67%,复合膜的水通量则较纯PVDF膜分别提高2.3倍和2.6倍.氮气吸附实验测定的孔径分布进一步表明复合膜的孔径分布变窄,孔径变小.     

覆膜方法对纳米纤维膜除尘滤料动态过滤性能的影响

为解决聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)覆膜滤料使用中阻力增长快且膜易破损问题,基于静电纺丝技术制备了涤纶(PET)纳米纤维膜,通过直接覆膜法、热处理覆膜法及一步共纺覆膜法将PET纳米纤维膜作为表面膜与聚苯硫醚(PPS)针刺毡滤料进行复合,并对比研究3种覆膜方法制备的PET纳米纤维膜滤料、PPS滤料以及PTFE覆膜滤料的动态过滤性能,结果表明,与PTFE覆膜滤料相比,3种覆膜方法制备的PET纳米纤维膜滤料均表现出优异的过滤性能.稳定过滤阶段,一步共纺覆膜法制备的PET/TPU纳米纤维膜滤料完成单个周期所需时间是PTFE覆膜滤料的2倍,粉尘剥离率为99.79%,其阻力增长速率低、完成单个周期所需时间平稳,降低能耗并减少了气流对膜造成的磨损,在工业除尘领域具有较大应用潜力.     

GO-CNT三维复合膜截留HA与抗污染性能

为提高氧化石墨烯(GO)膜的水通量和对腐殖酸(HA)的抗污染性能,在GO中掺杂碳纳米管(CNT)制备出GO-CNT三维复合膜.结果显示,复合膜表面较GO膜粗糙,CNT均匀分散在GO片层中,构成三维网状结构.负载量为30μg/cm~2的GO-20%CNT膜对HA截留效果达90%以上,水通量相比GO膜提高了2倍.酸性条件下,HA分子发生团聚增大、负电性减弱,GO-CNT复合膜对HA的截留率提高、通量较低.增加溶液中离子强度会压缩膜表面双电层导致Donnan效应减弱,GO-CNT复合膜对HA截留率从90.2%降至31.9%.GO-CNT三维复合膜过滤HA 1h后通量下降了10.95%,水洗1h后,膜通量恢复率达99.68%,较GO膜提高了6.18%,具有优良的抗污染特性.     

高效选择性除铯的PVDF复合膜制备及优化

为实现对放射性核素铯（Cs）的高效去除,本研究基于表面接枝技术利用均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）在羟基化的PVDF微滤/超滤膜表面接枝了一层氨基化SiO₂,并通过SiO₂表面的氨基基团与Fe³⁺结合实现亚铁氰化铁（Ferrocyanide,FeCN）的负载,从而制备了FeCN/SiO₂/PVDF复合膜.基于膜表面的SEM与XPS表征考察了氨基化SiO₂的不同负载条件,研究发现粒径和浓度分别为300nm及0.4%时可实现SiO₂的最大负载量.对比不同亚铁氰化铁负载量下复合膜的水通量和Cs去除率,结果表明对微滤平板膜进行3次负载后过滤效果最好,可实现99.6%以上的Cs去除率,且XPS结果表明强酸及超声条件下该复合膜仍然具有良好的稳定性.复杂水质条件下的过滤实验表明,过滤前期由于对吸附点位的竞争使得溶液中共存离子半径与Cs越接近其对Cs截留率的影响越大;过滤后期在道南作用的影响下,随着共存离子水合离子半径提高,其对Cs的去除率的影响越大;天然有机质对水通量影响较大,对Cs去除率影响弱于共存离子.     

静电纺丝过氯乙烯纳米纤维膜对PM10去除效果的研究

静电纺丝纳米纤维膜是一种新型空气净化过滤材料.为了解该材料对PM₁₀的去除效果,以滑石粉粉尘和香烟烟雾为代表研究了静电纺丝过氯乙烯纳米纤维膜对PM₁₀的去除率.结果表明:供试的2类静电纺丝过氯乙烯纳米纤维膜对粉尘的平均去除率分别为93.2%和97.8%,明显高于同类非静电纺丝纤维过滤材料的去除效果;对香烟烟雾有一定的去除效果,4 h的去除率为82.4%.静电纺丝过氯乙烯纳米纤维膜对PM₁₀的过滤作用主要发生在表层,过滤机理以拦截和惯性碰撞为主.      

PVDF/TPU中空纤维膜研制中铸膜液结构对膜结构与膜性能的影响

选用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)和热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)作为膜材料,二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC)为溶剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为添加剂,采用干—湿法纺丝成膜,对影响膜性能的铸膜液结构进行了讨论。文中描述的PVDF/TPU中空纤维膜的最大水通量为865.923 mL/(cm2.h),截留率为865.92%(截留牛血清蛋白分子量为67 000)。     

混凝预处理对超滤膜通量的影响

为探讨混凝预处理对改善超滤膜过滤通量的效果.试验采用了4种具有不同亲疏水性的水样,着重探讨混凝对有机物的疏水性和亲水性组分的去除效果以及所带来的通量改善.试验结果表明,超滤膜直接过滤原水时,4种水样的有机物截留率在12%～20%,但其中的疏水性组分均超过了50%,说明膜倾向于截留疏水性有机物.投加25 mg/L的混凝剂,4种水样的有机物去除率在12%～28%,投加量增加至100 mg/L,去除率也相应增加至25%～38%,但其中的疏水性组分均占50%以上.混凝预处理均可有效提高通量.对有机物各组分的分析表明,膜处理混凝预处理水时,主要截留亲水性组分,这是由于混凝可有效去除疏水性组分的缘故.由此也可得出结论.超滤膜的通量下降主要是由疏水性有机物引起的,亲水性组分对通量的影响较小.     

制备高通量、抗污染PDA/PEI纳米颗粒膜用于农村含油生活污水处理

水处理分离膜具有纳米尺度筛分孔道,虽适合分散式处理农村生活污水中油水乳化液,但膜污染严重,导致膜通量较低.因此,设计抗污染、高通量水处理分离膜可实现农村含油生活污水高效处理.本文采用真空辅助自组装技术,在高分子膜表面及内部负载聚多巴胺（PDA）/聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）纳米颗粒,制备了PDA-NP膜.由于纳米颗粒含有丰富的亲水基团,改性后膜纯水通量及农村含油生活污水通量恢复率分别高达（741.23±17） L/（m²·h）及99.4%,实现了高通量、抗污染目标;另外,对农村含油生活污水TOC的去除率达45.12%,具有较强的实际意义.     

Ag/TiO_2-PVA改性无纺布的抗污染性能

以廉价的无纺布为基膜,采用NaBH4还原法制备了Ag/TiO2-PVA复合膜,研究了Ag/TiO2-PVA复合膜作为MBR膜组件处理人工废水的抗污染性能,并对Ag/TiO2-PVA复合膜进行了XRD表征。Ag/TiO2-PVA复合膜的XRD谱图显示出TiO2及Ag的特征峰,说明复合膜表面存在TiO2纳米粒子和单质银。MBR处理人工废水的实验结果表明,Ag/TiO2-PVA复合膜的跨膜压力明显低于对照组,而膜通量则明显高于对照组;膜污染阻力分析表明,Ag/TiO2-PVA复合膜对滤饼层阻力表现出很好的抑制作用;说明Ag/TiO2-PVA复合膜能明显抑制膜污染,具有较好的抗污染性能。Ag/TiO2-PVA复合膜的光催化作用,对废水中有机污染的降解有一定的强化作用,其出水COD平均值低于对照组。Ag/TiO2-PVA致密层的存在提高了无纺布的截留效率,使其出水的浊度低于也对照组。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.