民用燃料燃烧排放PM2.5和PM10中碳组分排放因子对比

在实验室中模拟民用燃料在家庭炉灶中的燃烧,应用稀释通道系统采集颗粒物,获得玉米秸秆、薪柴、蜂窝煤和块煤四种常用民用燃料燃烧排放PM10,PM2.5及载带碳组分的排放因子.结果表明,民用燃料燃烧排放的颗粒物以细颗粒为主, PM2.5占PM10的70%~90%.颗粒物排放因子最大的为块煤,其PM2.5和PM10的排放因子分别为9.837和11.929g/kg,分别是蜂窝煤的12.6和13.7倍;玉米秸秆和薪柴PM2.5和PM10的排放因子稍低于块煤,为7.359~10.444g/kg.4种燃料燃烧OC排放因子块煤最高,其在PM2.5和PM10中分别为5.29和5.19g/kg.薪柴燃烧EC的排放因子最高,其在PM2.5和PM10 中的排放因子分别为1.065和1.126g/kg.块煤两种粒径上EC的排放因子略低于薪柴.蜂窝煤EC的排放因子最低,比薪柴低300倍左右,玉米秸秆EC的排放因子也要比薪柴低10倍左右.碳组分是块煤,秸秆,薪柴排放颗粒物的主要成分,其含量在40%~60%之间,该值比蜂窝煤高3倍.四种燃料对应的OC/EC比值差异很大,薪柴和块煤燃烧排放颗粒该值为3~6,秸秆和蜂窝煤燃烧排放颗粒其值高达30~50.     

民用燃煤排放分级颗粒物中重金属排放因子

基于室内模拟燃烧和稀释通道采样,采用FA-3型9级撞击采样器采集了3种蜂窝煤（考虑明烧和闷烧）和4种块煤燃烧排放的不同粒径颗粒物,并分析其中V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb和Pb等11种重金属含量,计算得到分级颗粒中重金属的排放因子.结果如下：①Zn和Pb是民用煤燃烧排放颗粒物中主要的重金属成分,4种块煤燃烧排放Zn和Pb共占重金属总量的53.16%~65.76%;3蜂窝煤明烧排放Zn和Pb所占重金属含量最高可达96.08%（0.43 μm）;蜂窝煤闷烧使得Ni排放因子大幅度增加,Ni成为主要成分之一,共占重金属总量30.70%~52.36%.因此燃烧方式影响颗粒物中重金属组分含量.②蜂窝煤明烧与块煤重金属排放因子最高的粒径段都分布在1.1 μm以下,而蜂窝煤闷烧排放的重金属则主要分布在5.8~10 μm粒径段,因此在低温闷烧燃烧方式下,重金属多富集于粗颗粒物上,而在高温明烧状态下重金属多富集于细颗粒物上.③根据重金属富集粒径段的不同,可以将11种重金属分为三类,各自对应的峰值粒径段分别为5.8~10 μm（As和V）,1.1~2.1 μm（Cr、Mn、Cu、Ni和Co）和 ≤ 0.43 μm（Pb、Sb、Cd和Zn）,其中第二类元素均属于第四周期过渡金属元素,表现出相似的燃烧释放特征.④蜂窝煤使用会降低颗粒物的排放,但添加剂、氧化剂、黏合剂等的使用,在不同燃烧条件下,使颗粒物富集不同有毒物质,因此蜂窝煤可能不利于某些重金属的减排,蜂窝煤对多污染物的减排效果（尤其重金属）有待系统评估.     

民用燃煤含碳颗粒物的排放因子测量

通过烟尘罩稀释通道系统采样,实验室模拟民用燃煤的燃烧方式,获取了不同成熟度的散煤、蜂窝煤的PM2.5、EC和OC的排放因子.民用燃煤的排放与煤炭成熟度有很大相关,不同煤种排放因子差距很大.在6种实验煤炭中,烟煤散烧的排放因子较大,其中S3煤种的排放因子最大,其PM2.5、EC和OC的实测值分别为11.06、3.51和5.39 g·kg-1;无烟煤散烧排放因子较少,S1煤种的排放因子最小,其PM2.5、EC和OC分别为0.78、0.02和0.49 g·kg-1;蜂窝煤的颗粒物以及OC排放因子与相似成熟度的散煤燃烧相当,但是EC排放相对散煤较低.EC、OC源清单工作需要对民用燃煤源进行更详细的分类,结合相应的排放因子,才能更加准确的估计这一重要排放源的贡献率.     

落叶燃烧排放的颗粒物及有机碳、元素碳的研究

为研究落叶燃烧排放的颗粒物(PM)及有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC),采用明燃和闷燃两种形式对10种乔木的落叶进行燃烧实验,采集了排放的烟尘,并用元素碳/有机碳分析仪测定样品的OC和EC含量.结果表明,落叶在明燃状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子范围分别为7.9~31.9、0.9~9.7、3.6~13.9 g·kg-1,平均值分别为19.7、5.2、6.8 g·kg-1.闷燃状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子范围分别为61.3~128.9、31.7~60.4、1.9~6.0 g·kg-1,平均值分别为91.0、43.0、4.0 g·kg-1.明燃和闷燃的OC/EC变化范围分别为0.21~1.82和8.16~16.84.明燃状态下OC/PM、EC/PM的范围分别为0.11~0.41和0.18~0.56.闷燃状态下OC/PM、EC/PM的范围分别为0.43~0.53和0.03~0.06.OC和PM的排放因子在两种燃烧状态下均呈现显著的相关性.在不同的燃烧状态下,各组分之间的排放因子具有较大的差异,OC的排放因子在闷燃状态下高于明燃状态,而EC的排放因子则相反.不同燃烧状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子及它们之间的比值分析,对建立森林生物质燃烧源排放清单以及来源解析具有重要意义.     

不同燃烧状态下农作物秸秆PM2.5排放因子及主要成分分析

运用自主设计的生物质燃烧系统,对水稻、小麦、大豆、玉米、花生和油菜6种农作物秸秆采用不同燃烧状态(阴燃和明燃)进行实验室模拟燃烧,分析PM_(2.5)的排放因子及其碳质组分和水溶性离子之间的差异.研究结果表明,不同燃烧状态对秸秆PM_(2.5)的排放因子、碳质组分和水溶性离子的排放均具有显著影响.不同农作物秸秆PM_(2.5)排放因子范围在阴燃和明燃时分别是11.45~23.84 g·kg~(-1)和4.51~12.15 g·kg~(-1).有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)的排放因子范围阴燃时分别是5.03~11.04 g·kg~(-1)和0.94~2.70 g·kg~(-1),明燃时分别是1.55~6.02 g·kg~(-1)·kg~(-1)和1.04~2.11 g·kg~(-1),阴明燃具有显著差异且阴燃高于明燃.此外,OC/EC、OC/PM_(2.5)和EC/PM_(2.5)在不同燃烧状态均具有显著差别,可作为区分阴明燃的指标.PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的主要组分阴燃时为K+(1.011 g·kg~(-1))、Cl~-(0.712 g·kg~(-1))、F~-(0.182 g·kg~(-1)g)和SO_4~(2-)(0.166 g·kg~(-1)),明燃时为K+(0.457 g·kg~(-1))、Cl~-(0.271 g·kg~(-1))、SO_4~(2-)(0.086 g·kg~(-1))和F~-(0.048 g·kg~(-1)),且阴燃条件更有利于离子的排放.此外,水溶性离子的相关性也因燃烧状态的不同而有较大的差异.     

南京北郊夏季大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳的污染特征

采用DRI Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪对2013年5~7月期间南京北郊大气气溶胶9级惯性撞击式分级Andersen采样器膜采样样品中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度进行了分析.结果表明,南京北郊夏季EC、OC的平均浓度,在PM2.1(空气动力学直径≤2.1μm)中分别为(2.6±1.1)μg·m-3、(13.0±5.2)μg·m-3,在PM9.0(空气动力学直径≤9.0μm)中,分别为(3.4±1.7)μg·m-3、(20.3±7.3)μg·m-3.EC主要富集在超细颗粒物中,OC主要存在于细颗粒物中,EC的PM1.1/PM9.0比值和OC的PM2.1/PM9.0比值分别为0.62和0.64.EC和OC浓度的平均最高值都出现在≤0.43μm粒径段中,分别占PM9.0中的总元素碳的33.4%和总有机碳的21.1%.南京北郊夏季PM1.1、PM2.1和PM9.0中EC、OC的相关性较好,说明存在共同的一次污染源.通过OC/EC特征物比值的方法得到南京夏季碳质颗粒物的主要来源有机动车尾气排放、燃煤排放和地面扬尘排放.     

钢铁工业排放颗粒物中碳组分的特征

为探究钢铁工业排放颗粒物中碳组分的特征,使用荷电低压颗粒物撞击器(ELPI)采样,采集到3组不同载荷和除污设施的烧结炉和1组炼铁高炉排放的颗粒物样品,利用热-光反射法,分析颗粒物中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)以及按温度划分的7种碳组分物质.结果表明,烧结工艺排放颗粒物中OC的质量分数高于炼铁工艺,OC在PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量分数分别是(5.3±2.3)%和(7.1±3.0)%,说明OC易在细粒径段颗粒富集,炼铁工艺排放颗粒物中OC在PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量分数分别是2.5%和2.0%;4组样品的7种碳组分相对比例相似,OC2和OC3在7种碳组分中质量分数最高,EC1、EC2、EC3的质量分数依次递减,OC1的质量分数可能与锅炉规模和脱硫设施有关;另外,烧结工艺排放各粒径段的颗粒物中OC和EC表现出较高的相关性,一次排放的PM_(2.5)中的OC/EC为4.7±0.7,远高于受体中估算二次碳组分的指标值.钢铁工业排放颗粒物中碳质组分的深入分析,可以为受体碳质气溶胶的来源解析提供基础数据,也有助于钢铁工业后续的除污管理.     

树木模拟燃烧排放烟尘中水溶性离子的组成

模拟林火中生物质的两种燃烧方式,明燃和闷燃,对10种乔木的干树枝和绿树枝进行室内燃烧试验,测定了排放烟尘中的水溶性离子.结果表明,干树枝明燃烟尘中水溶性离子的平均总含量为(28.88±17.54)g·kg~(-1).SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、K~+是主要组分,其平均排放因子为101.0~118.2 mg·kg~(-1).干树枝闷烧烟尘中水溶性离子的平均总含量为(6.38±2.79)g·kg~(-1).Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、K~+、Cl~-是主要组分,其平均排放因子为101.1~245.7 mg·kg~(-1).绿树枝明燃烟尘中水溶性离子的平均总含量为(22.13±13.52)g·kg~(-1).SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、K~+是主要组分,其平均排放因子为136.4~197.6 mg·kg~(-1).绿树枝闷燃烟尘中水溶性离子的平均总含量为(15.71±19.09)g·kg~(-1).Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+是主要成分,其平均排放因子为298.6~869.1 mg·kg~(-1).两类树枝在每种燃烧条件下产生的烟尘中,Cl~-与K~+的含量均显著正相关.干树枝闷烧时Cl~-的排放因子与含水率显著正相关.燃烧条件、树种及含水率均对森林生物质烟尘中水溶性离子的组成及排放因子有明显的影响.这对估算大气中林火来源的污染物有参考意义.     

黄石市夏季昼间大气PM10与PM2.5中有机碳、元素碳污染特征

2012年7月,对黄石市城区夏季昼间大气颗粒物PM10与PM2.5样品进行采集,并用热/光反射法(TOR)分析其中的有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC).结果显示,新老城区PM10中OC平均含量分别为14.60μg·m-3和18.70μg·m-3,EC平均含量分别为4.70μg·m-3和11.02μg·m-3;PM2.5中OC平均含量分别为11.89μg·m-3和13.66μg·m-3,EC平均含量分别为2.28μg·m-3和4.96μg·m-3.研究结果表明,夏季昼间黄石市新老城区大气PM10与PM2.5中碳组分浓度变化趋势相同,且老城区大气PM10、PM2.5中的OC和EC含量普遍要比新城区高,且PM10中OC、EC在总碳(TC)的质量分数均高于在PM2.5中,说明黄石市老城区碳污染状况较新城区要严重,其夏季昼间大气粗颗粒物中碳的含量更高.通过对OC/EC及8个碳组分进行探讨,发现黄石市大气颗粒物中OC易形成二次污染,而EC排放以烟炱为主,夏季燃煤和机动车尾气是黄石碳污染的重要污染源,生物质燃烧也具有一定影响.     

生物质室内燃烧产物的碳质特征及EC同位素组成

选取南京地区典型的生物质种类(水稻、芦苇、玉米、梧桐、桂花和白玉兰)进行室内模拟燃烧实验,同时采用Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪和元素分析-同位素质谱仪(EA/IRMS)分别对不同粒径段颗粒物中OC、EC的浓度和生物质燃烧的不同产物EC同位素组成进行了测定.结果表明,除芦苇秸秆外,其他各类生物质燃烧产生的OC排放因子均在0.43μm粒径段内达到最大;EC排放因子除梧桐和桂花树叶以外,最大值均分布在0.43μm和0.43~0.65μm粒径段内,其中,玉米秸秆燃烧产生的OC、EC排放因子均为最高.6种生物质燃烧产物中的碳质(OC、EC)浓度最大值均主要集中在0.43μm的亚微米粒径段上.玉米秸秆燃烧所产生的烟尘和烟灰中EC的同位素组成均高于其他生物质,除了生物质自身的组分会影响同位素分馏以外,燃烧过程的温度较高,也会促进秸秆和树叶发生热解从而形成碳同位素分馏.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.