重庆市主城区交通干道空气污染特征分析

2002年2月对重庆市主城区6条交通干道空气中PM10、CO、NOx、THC进行了监测,分析了这些污染物的时空变化特征及其与车流量的关系。结果表明：六条主干道PM10、CO、NOx、THC的日平均浓度分别为0．30、5．34、0．307、12．84mg／m^3,按空气质量二级标准,超标率分别为95％、60％、74％和100％,最大超标倍数分别为4．97、1．94、8．5和6．05。除THC外,按照污染因子分担率评价,在九龙坡区、渝中区和江北区,首要污染物是PM10,在南岸区、沙坪坝区和大渡口区首要污染物是NOx。沙坪坝区CO和NOx污染最严重,九龙坡区PM10污染最严重。CO、NOx的日变化趋势大致相同,而且与车流量关系较为明显,随着车流量的增加CO、NOx的浓度逐渐增加,但PM10与车流量相关性不大,说明PM10浓度还受其它源的影响。     

天然气-汽油双燃料车实际道路排放特性研究

为研究使用天然气对轻型汽车排放的影响,利用便携式排放测试系统（PEMS）,对25辆压缩天然气-汽油双燃料出租车在实际道路上分别使用汽油和天然气时的CO2、CO、NOx和THC排放进行了对比测试.研究结果表明：实际道路上,原装车使用天然气相比汽油时,CO2、CO的排放平均分别降低22%和24%,NOx和THC的排放平均分...     

重庆市主城区交通干道空气污染特征分析

2002年2月对重庆市主城区6条交通干道空气中PM10、CO、NOx、THC进行了监测,分析了这些污染物的时空变化特征及其与车流量的关系。结果表明:六条主干道PM10、CO、NOx、THC的日平均浓度分别为0.30、5.34、0.307、12.84 mg／m3,按空气质量二级标准,超标率分别为95％、60％、74％和100％,最大超标倍数分别为4.97、1.94、8.5和6.05。除THC外,按照污染因子分担率评价,在九龙坡区、渝中区和江北区,首要污染物是PM10,在南岸区、沙坪坝区和大渡口区首要污染物是NOx。沙坪坝区CO和NOx污染最严重,九龙坡区PM10污染最严重。CO、NOx的日变化趋势大致相同,而且与车流量关系较为明显,随着车流量的增加CO、NOx的浓度逐渐增加,但PM10与车流量相关性不大,说明PM10浓度还受其它源的影响。     

基于DOC+CDPF+SCR技术的国Ⅴ排放重型柴油机气态物排放特性研究

基于DOC+CDPF+SCR后处理技术,在国V排放重型柴油机平台上研究了后处理装置三个测点:本机后、DOC+CDPF后以及SCR后的NOx、THC、CO、SO2、CO2以及醛类等气态物排放特性。研究结果表明:DOC+CDPF+SCR联合工作能够有效降低柴油机的NOx、THC、CO及SO2的排放,转化率分别达到91.8%、96.9%、99.9%和90.5%。SCR对柴油机排放中的NOx和SO2净化起主导作用,DOC+CDPF对THC和CO净化起主导作用。SCR对发动机背压的影响以及尿素的分解引起柴油机的CO2和醛类排放上升分别为3.1%和22.8%。     

天然气汽车尾气污染控制的研究进展

综述了国外天然气汽车排放及控制的研究进展，以及排放污染物CO、CO2、NOx、THC、苯、甲醛、乙醛及1-3丁二烯等天然汽汽车排放控制技术仅相当于美国70年代的水平。     

一种富稀土型三效催化剂的性能考察

对一种富烯土型三效催化剂的性能进行了考察，结果表明：该催化剂具有较好的三效活性和较好的启燃温度特性，具有较宛的空速适应范围，在空速为84000h^-1时，CO,NOx的转化率仍在90％以上，HC转化率仍在70％以上，该催化剂具有较好的耐老化性能，经实验室快速老化实验，即相当于实车行驶8万km,CO劣化系数，1.09,HC劣化系1．05，NOx劣化系数1．06，该催化剂经桑塔纳轿车整车28工况测试，其交化效果与该车配置的美国Engelherd公司的催化剂相当。     

DOC+CDPF对生物柴油公交车排放特性的影响

采用便携式排放测试系统PEMS,研究某加装催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器(DOC+CDPF)的柴油公交车长期燃用生物柴油混合燃料B5时,整车常规气态物和颗粒物排放性能随行驶里程的变化规律.结果表明:随行驶里程的增加,一氧化碳(CO),总碳氢化合物(THC),颗粒物质量(PM)减排率均呈先增后减的趋势,THC减排率在行驶里程达到2.5×104km之前呈上升趋势,之后呈降低趋势,至8×104km时THC减排率较DOC+CDPF初装时减少41.05%,CO和PM减排率在行驶里程到达3.5×104km之前均呈上升趋势,之后呈降低趋势,至8×104km时CO和PM减排率较DOC+CDPF初装时分别减少20.24%和11.74%;氮氧化物(NOx)和颗粒物数量(PN)减排率整体上均呈降低趋势,在行驶里程8×104km处,NOx和PN减排率较DOC+CDPF初装时分别降低33.83%和10.35%.B5生物柴油公交车在行驶里程到达8×104km左右时,污染物的减排率明显降低,需对DOC+CDPF后处理装置进行保养,以延长其工作寿命.     

甲基环戊二烯三羰基锰对轻型汽车排放的影响

甲基环戊二烯三羰基锰(MMT)对机动车排放及排放控制系统的影响一直是人们争论的焦点.为了探讨MMT对国Ⅲ(相当于欧Ⅲ)轻型汽车排放的实际影响程度,组织2组试验车辆(600 cpi三元催化转化器(TWC),欧Ⅳ,原装OBD)进行了8×104km的行车试验及排放测试;为进一步说明排放控制系统关键部件的劣化情况,在8×104km后2组试验车分别更换新、旧TWC进行排放测试,并且将6个老化的TWC在同一参比车上进行排放对比测试.结果表明:2组试验车排放劣化规律基本一致;前2×104km是车辆尾气排放快速劣化阶段,2×104～8×104km中劣化率明显变慢.TWC的更换及对比试验表明:三元催化转化器是排放控制系统中劣化程度最大的部件;2组试验车的TWC劣化程度没有明显差别;经过8×104km,MMT对试验车辆的排放控制系统未造成明显的不良影响.      

乙醇汽油对国六直喷汽油车排放特性的影响

选择5台国六直喷汽油车采用3种不同组分的E10乙醇汽油和1种不含含氧化合物的国VI汽油，按照国六排放标准开展了WLTC循环测试，研究乙醇和基础油组分对污染物排放的影响规律.结果表明，多数国六直喷汽油车的CO、THC和PM排放有所降低，NO_x排放无明显差异，PN排放微增，所有样车的CO、THC和PM平均排放降低为6%、7%和14%.E10乙醇汽油中的重质芳香烃含量增高时，PN排放明显增加，PN排放与PMI指数呈现较强的正相关关系.     

用隧道确定高速公路汽车CO，THC和NOx排放因子

在成渝高速公路龙泉山隧道内设监测点,对进入隧道内汽车排出的污染物浓度、交通量、车种以及气象条件进行采样分析、计数、分类和 观测。根据实测数据,用隧道空气质量方程计算出我国高速公路汽车单车一氧化碳(CO)、总烃(THC)和氮氧化物(NOx)排放因子分别为 28. 7308 ±9. 225 ,3.1393±1.320和4.6507±1.928g/(km.辆)。与发达国家相比,我国高速公路汽车CO和THC排放明显高于发达国家高 速公路汽车排放水平,而我国高速公路汽车NO_x排放因子却小于西方国家高速公路的测试结果。      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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