电极法测定植物低浓度氟影响因素浅析

测定含低浓度氟的植物样品时，常常受分析样品重量，溶液pH，样品浸取率，温度等因素影响使测定结果有偏差。经用先浸泡样品后测定与直接搅拌后测定两种方法进行比较，认为浸泡后测定，是减少误差提高测定质量的重要方法。     

示波极谱法测定土壤中微量铍

本文提出了用1N盐酸浸取样品,以NH_(3-)NH_4Cl-EDTA-NH_2OH.HCl-铍试剂Ⅲ为底液,用示波极谱测定土壤中微量铍的方法,探讨了浸取酸浓度、浸取温度和浸取时间的影响.     

电极法测定植物低浓度氟影响因素浅析

测定含低浓度氟的植物样品时,常常受分析样品重量,溶液pH,样品浸取率,温度等因素影响使测定结果有偏差。经用先浸泡样品后测定与直接搅拌后测定两种方法进行比较,认为浸泡后测定,是减少误差提高测定质量的重要方法。     

土壤有效钼的测定

土壤有效钼的提取剂,一般是 pH 为3.3的 Tamm 溶液.试验表明,把浸提液加入土样后振荡半小时,再静置过夜,比振荡8小时或10小时对土壤有效钼的提取完全.测定石灰性土壤中有效钼时,若土壤有效铁含量低于14ppm,可不必分离铁而直接测定;测定酸性土壤的有效钼时,习用的酸性草酸盐提取液,提取出大量的铁和锰,一般采用强酸性阳离子交换树脂分离.实验室测定土壤有效钼,常用的方法有比色法、原子吸收法、光谱法和催化极谱法,后一种方法灵敏度高,样品不需萃取浓集.选择“硫酸——苦杏仁酸——氯酸钾”体系测定钼时,改变底液各成份的浓度都可影响峰电流,测定温度对峰电流也有很大影响.应用催化极谱法测定了黄土区主要土壤371个样品.     

微波消解—ICP-MS测定土壤中的微量重金属元素

通过微波消解的方法采用硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸体系对土壤样品进行处理,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定土壤样品中钒、钴、钼、镍、铜、铅、镉、铊8种金属元素,探讨了微波消解条件下ICP-MS仪器工作条件,此方法简便快捷、灵敏度高、重现性好、加标回收实验结果满意,是可同时分析土壤样品中多元素的可靠、高效的检测方法。     

沉积物化学浸取与毒性有机物多组分吸附模式

以粘土矿物、金属氧化物、碳酸钙和腐殖酸为近海沉积物模拟样品进行了吸附γ－６６６的实验研究，根据模拟实验得到的吸附规律，将实际近海沉积物样品进行了化学浸取，分离掉其中的有机质，通过浸取与未浸取沉物对两种毒性有机物的吸附实验，建立了沉积物中无同和有机质组分吸附疏水性有机物的二级分地模式，用该模式解释了过去难以解释的实验现象。     

土壤重金属含量测定中全自动石墨消解两种酸处理方法比较研究

本文使用全自动石墨消解仪对比了两种不同的酸体系对土壤标准样品和实际土壤样品进行前处理,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定消解溶液中镉、钴、铜、铬、锰、镍、铅、锌、钒、砷、钼、锑共12种元素含量。结果表明,采用王水-氢氟酸-高氯酸处理土壤样品消解更完全,方法测试精密度、准确度更好,测定结果更稳定可靠,消解效果优于王水处理效果。但王水处理土壤样品引入干扰少,方法检出限低,分析土壤表层粘附重金属污染物含量效果优于王水-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解法。     

广东鼎湖山斑岩钼矿区生物地球化学特征

本文对从钼矿区和对照区采集的岩石、土壤和植物样品的研究表明,矿区岩石与土壤中钼含量的相关系数为0.74,土壤与马尾松、桃金娘、鼠刺和芒箕叶片中钼含量的相关系数分别为0.9,0.87,0.98和0.99。在马尾松、桃金娘、鼠刺、芒箕和藤黄檀的叶片中,矿区相对于对照区,前者的最高钼含量是后者的18倍、53倍、12倍、46倍和35倍。钼含量高的土壤中生长的藤黄檀的细胞,在电子显微镜下其结构发生明显变化,主要表现为核膜界限消失,核仁解体,叶绿体结构受到破坏,细胞中有颗粒物存在。钼还会抑制植物叶片对镁的吸收。因此利用生物地球化学特征可以找出隐伏在植被下的矿床。     

中国土壤中钼的含量与分布规律

中国土壤的全钼含量为0.1—6ppm,平均为1.7ppm.钼含量因土壤类型而异,且受成土母质的影响.中国许多土壤具有缺钼和低钼特征.绘制了中国土壤中有效态钼分布图.根据土壤和农作物的钼供给情况,对缺钼土壤和地区进行区划,绘制了缺钼土壤分区图.     

电感耦合等离子质谱法测定土壤中钼和钨

建立了一种对土壤中钼、钨元素同时进行快速准确测定的方法。土壤样品经微波消解处理后,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行测定,同传统测试方法相比该方法更加简单易于操作,而且该方法检测结果准确度高,精密度好。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.