溢油风化过程研究进展

讨论了近１０ａ来国内外学都在溢油的组成和性质的变化养及蒸发，溶解，乳化等风化过程听研究进展。和过去相比，随着分析手段的提高和认识的加深，近１０ａ的研究已从经验方程的建立，深入到风化的机理研究上，促进预测模型向更合理，更准确的方向发展。     

PHBV表面疏水改性用作吸油材料的研究

利用多种表面改性剂对生物可降解材料PHBV进行了表面改性实验研究，测定了不同改性剂改性后PHBV的吸油率以及温度对其吸油效果的影响，并探讨了改性机理，研究结果表明：不同改性剂对PHBV的改性效果有所差异，从疏水和吸油的共同效果来看，最佳疏水改性剂为添加量5％时的硅油，温度对未改性PHBV和改性PHBV的吸油率及吸油速度均有影响。     

大连海域溢油应急预报信息系统及其应用

在国外溢油应争信息系统基础上针对大连海域的特点研究开发了先进实用的“大连海域溢油模拟信息系统”，综合了三维溢油扩散模型、应急反应模型、以及电子海图、地理信息系统（GIS）、数据库等技术。不但能够快速准确地预测模拟并可视化显示海上溢油的漂移扩散、性质变化，还可以同时显示环境敏感区和应急人员设备分布等相关信息。经实际益油案例应用表明，系统的预测模拟结果与现场实验情况完全相符，可用效地提高对海上溢油污染事故的应急决策效率。     

石油在水中悬浮物上的吸附研究

采用青岛大沽河河口的泥沙为吸附剂，0号柴油和32号柴油为吸附质，以此来研究石油在水中悬浮物上的吸附特性。首先分析了水中分散油的浓度分布特点，提出了计算平衡浓度下吸附量的公式，然后分析了吸附动力学过程，研究了石油在不同温度、含沙浓度、盐度条件下的吸附特性以及不同油种对吸附特性的影响，并探讨了吸附机理，研究了石油在不同温度、含沙浓度、盐度条件下的吸附特性以及不同油种对吸附特性的影响，并探讨了吸附机理。本文的研究为揭示水环境中石油污染机理、评价溢油对水环境的影响作了有意义的探讨。     

海面溢油分散剂的研制

分散剂是处理海上溢油的主要手段之一，它包含的化学成分能减少溢油和水之间的表面张力，对油膜产生破碎的分散作用，进而使油进入水体中形成水包油乳状液，加速了油膜在海上的扩散和风化过程。为进一步研制和应用该产品，本文详细叙述了分散剂的扩散机理，发展历史，组成及应用，并对已研制的消油剂产品性能，应用特点等进行阐述。     

溢油乳化过程的研究进展

概述了国内外溢油乳化过程的研究进展，主要从乳化物的形成，乳化物的性质及其研究手段、乳化过程的动力学及过程模拟等几方面进行了评述。目前大多数文献中关于乳化过程的研究偏重于化学组分的影响及作用方式，乳化物稳定性的化学因素等，而有关对油水乳化混合而乳化的动力学研究的报道较少，相应的过程模拟仍停留在80年代的水平。     

溢油的物理性质在模拟风化过程中的变化

本文介绍了实验室内研究石油风化过程的模拟装置,对几种主要石油:0#轻柴油、15#机油和渤海原油的表面张力、密度(比重)和粘度在风化过程中的变化作了详尽地研究。找出了它们的风化特点和风化规律,并建立了相应的风化公式。不仅定性地反映了风化过程的特征,而且定量地描述了风化过程中的变化。为海上石油污染预报提供了更接近实际的参数和科学依据     

海洋石油污染的应急计划？

海洋污染以石油为最,每年排入海洋的石油1000～1500万吨,主要来自工业生产、海上油田泄漏、油轮事故、船舶航行和大气降水。油田泄漏、油轮事故则是突发性的灾难,一次泄油几千乃至几十万吨,油膜覆盖海面,污染海滩,制造了大片“海洋沙漠”。油膜将大气与海水隔开,水中缺氧,水族与海鸟沾油可以毙命,鱼在油膜底下则死亡或停止繁殖;油膜能吸收80％的阳光辐射。致表层水温比常日升高3摄氏度左右,阻碍了海水与大气的热交换,减少海面蒸发,导     

溢油海水环境化学行为的研究

海上溢油风化过程的研究是预测海上溢油归宿和影响的重要基础。溢油指示物（或指标）对溢油鉴别而言，就是如何选择那些能表征溢油图谱指纹的数据处理信息点，以便于准确地辨别溢油来源，气相色谱法（ＧＣ－ＦＩＤ）是一种快速有效的方法。文中从溢油指示物和海水环境化学指标的角度对溢油海水环境化学行为进行了研究，得出了溢油的指示物和海水环境化学的变化特征。     

核磁共振^1H谱指纹法鉴别海上溢油源

考察了核磁共振谱指纹法鉴别海上溢油源的实验技术问题,数据的重现性和溢油在海上轻度风化规律等。解决了该法在实际应用中的几项关键问题,如积分曲线的重复性,次甲基旋转边峰的消除,化学位移扩展图的应用等。并对几个Si参数进行了评价,在此基础上进行了实际应用考验。结果表明,该法可以作为海上溢油源鉴别的独立方法之一。引入“风化区域”概念,得到未风化油和轻度风化油在风化区域中的相对位置关系,为寻找未风化溢油源提供了一个线索。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.