活性氧和钙离子参与镉诱导的酵母细胞死亡过程调节

以酵母为实验材料,研究了镉(以CdCl2形式添加)对细胞的毒性作用机制.结果显示,浓度为0.25~5 mmol·L-1的镉可降低酵母细胞活性,诱导细胞死亡;随着镉浓度的提高和处理时间的延长,细胞死亡率增高.凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB与镉共同作用后,细胞死亡率明显低于镉单独处理组.经镉处理后,酵母细胞内的活性氧(ROS)水平显著升高;外源抗氧化剂抗坏血酸和过氧化氢酶能降低镉引发的细胞死亡,特异性Ca2+螯合剂EGTA或Ca2+通道特异性抑制剂LaCl3亦可明显降低镉诱发的细胞死亡率.研究表明,镉诱发的酵母细胞死亡过程存在依赖于caspase途径的细胞凋亡途径;镉诱发的死亡与镉处理组胞内ROS和Ca2+水平升高有关,ROS可能通过增加胞内Ca2+水平,继而激活相关下游信号导致细胞死亡.     

二氧化硫诱导蚕豆气孔保卫细胞死亡效应研究

采用蚕豆叶面气孔保卫细胞,研究SO2衍生物(Na2SO3与NaHSO3混合液,3:1,mmol·L-1)对细胞的致死效应.结果表明,在浓度1～4mmol·L-1内,SO2衍生物暴露3h可使表皮保卫细胞活性降低,部分细胞死亡,并致胞内活性氧和Ca2+水平升高;随着处理浓度的提高细胞死亡率增高.一定浓度的抗坏血酸(AsA)或过氧化氢酶(CAT)与SO2衍生物共同作用时,胞内活性氧水平降低,细胞死亡率下降.Ca2+螯合剂乙二醇双四乙酸(EGTA)或Ca2+通道抑制剂LaCl3与SO2衍生物共同作用时,胞内钙水平与细胞死亡率降低.LaCl3能降低H2O2诱导的细胞死亡率.研究结果表明,SO2致蚕豆保卫细胞死亡与胞内活性氧水平增高有关,活性氧能激活质膜Ca2+通道,使胞外Ca2+内流,造成胞内Ca2+浓度升高,介导细胞死亡;胁迫组气孔保卫细胞活性降低或死亡,将导致气孔运动失调.     

SO2诱导的萱草保卫细胞凋亡及其信号调节

SO2是一种常见的大气污染物,急性和慢性暴露都会对植物造成伤害.因此,本文以景观绿化植物萱草叶片下表皮为材料,研究了SO2对气孔保卫细胞的致死效应及其可能的信号调节途径.结果表明,利用SO2体内衍生物-亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液处理萱草表皮3 h后,随着处理浓度(1.0~5.0 mmol·L-1)的增加,萱草保卫细胞生理活性下降,甚至死亡;浓度超过2.0 mmol·L-1时,细胞死亡率显著增高(p0.05),死细胞出现核固缩、核拉长、核碎片等典型凋亡特征,保卫细胞内的活性氧种(ROS)、一氧化氮(NO)和Ca2+水平显著升高.采用不同浓度的抗氧化剂过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸(AsA),Ca2+螯合剂乙二醇双四乙酸(EGTA)和Ca2+通道抑制剂氯化镧(LaCl3)及NO清除剂羧基-2苯-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3氧化物(C-PTIO)和合成抑制剂叠氮钠(NaN3)处理后,均可使SO2衍生物诱发的细胞死亡率降低,以200 U·mL-1CAT、0.05 mmol·L-1的AsA、EGTA、LaCl3及0.20 mmol·L-1的C-PTIO、NaN3的效果最佳,同时胞内ROS、NO和Ca2+水平下降.以上结果表明,一定浓度的SO2可诱导萱草保卫细胞死亡,可能通过诱导ROS和NO爆发,激活细胞质膜钙通道,进而引起胞内Ca2+增加,通过ROS-NO-Ca2+信号途径介导细胞死亡.SO2诱导的萱草细胞死亡可能存在细胞凋亡过程.     

H2O2和NO互作调控SO2诱导的胡杨细胞死亡

二氧化硫(SO_2)是一种常见的大气污染物,目前关于SO_2对木本植物的毒害作用及相关机制并不清楚.本文以木本植物胡杨的愈伤细胞为材料,研究SO_2衍生物对胡杨细胞的致死效应,以及过氧化氢(H_2O_2)与一氧化氮(NO)在SO_2诱导胡杨细胞死亡中的信号调节作用.研究发现:SO_2衍生物处理(1~5 mmol·L-1)可诱发胡杨细胞死亡,且SO_2衍生物浓度越大、处理时间越长,细胞死亡率越高.2 mmol·L-1SO_2衍生物处理胡杨细胞后,胞内H_2O_2和NO水平显著升高,且H_2O_2水平的升高先于NO.一定浓度的外源H_2O_2或NO供体SNP能够提高SO_2胁迫下胡杨细胞的死亡率;而使用H_2O_2清除剂CAT和ASA、NO清除剂c PTIO、NO合成抑制剂钨酸钠后,SO_2诱导的细胞死亡率明显降低.进一步实验发现,外源H_2O_2可以提高SO_2胁迫下胡杨细胞的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,促进胞内NO产生;而利用CAT和ASA清除H_2O_2后,细胞NR活性和NO产生均受到明显抑制.此外,SO_2胁迫下,外源SNP能够抑制抗氧化酶(CAT和APX)活性,增加胡杨细胞内的H_2O_2水平,而一定浓度的c PTIO和钨酸钠均可提高CAT和APX活性,降低胞内H_2O_2水平.结果表明:SO_2胁迫下,胡杨细胞快速产生的H_2O_2能够激活硝酸还原酶活性,促进NO生成,同时NO能够通过抑制抗氧化酶活性而提高H_2O_2水平.H_2O_2与NO互作调控SO_2诱导的胡杨细胞死亡.     

NO参与铝诱导蚕豆保卫细胞死亡的调控

铝(Al)是地壳中含量最丰富的金属元素,是酸性土壤中导致植物生长抑制和作物产量下降的一个主要因素,但铝毒性作用机制尚不清楚.本文以蚕豆叶表皮为材料,研究铝胁迫对气孔保卫细胞活性的影响,探讨NO在铝诱导细胞死亡中的作用.结果表明,一定浓度的A1Cl3可诱导气孔保卫细胞活性降低,部分细胞死亡,且随着铝浓度的增高细胞死亡率增高.死细胞呈现核固缩、核崩解、凋亡小体等典型凋亡特征,且凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB能阻止AlCl3诱发的细胞死亡.用NO清除剂c-PTIO、NO合酶抑制剂L-NAME或硝酸还原酶抑制剂NaN3降低铝处理组胞内NO后,细胞死亡率显著降低,胞内ROS、Ca2+水平同期降低;NaN3还能降低铝处理组中具有程序性死亡特征的细胞比率.用ROS清除剂AsA清除铝处理组胞内ROS后,细胞死亡率显著降低,胞内Ca2+和NO水平亦显著降低;铝处理液中加入Ca2+通道抑制剂LaCl3后,细胞死亡率低于铝单独处理组,胞内ROS和NO水平无明显改变.研究结果表明,铝胁迫引起的胞内NO合成增加通过Ca2+信号途径介导了保卫细胞的程序性死亡.     

NO、ROS对SO_2诱导的万寿菊保卫细胞凋亡的调控

一氧化氮(NO)和活性氧(ROS)均是非常重要的信号分子,然而其在二氧化硫(SO2)对观赏植物毒作用过程中可能的信号作用还不清楚.因此,本文以万寿菊叶片下表皮为材料,采用表皮条分析法研究了SO2胁迫引起的保卫细胞死亡和胞内NO、ROS水平变化情况.结果显示:SO2衍生物(终浓度0.4~4.0 mmol·L-1)处理能引起万寿菊叶片下表皮保卫细胞生理活性下降,死亡率增加,且存在剂量效应,细胞出现核固缩、核降解、核拉长等典型核凋亡特征.同时,保卫细胞内NO、ROS和Ca2+水平显著升高(p0.05).用不同浓度的NO干扰剂(NO合酶抑制剂L-NAME、硝酸还原酶抑制剂Na N3及NO清除剂c-PTIO)、ROS清除剂(CAT和As A)、钙离子干扰剂(Ca2+螯合剂EGTA和Ca2+通道抑制剂La Cl3)分别与2.0 mmol·L-1SO2衍生物同时处理后,保卫细胞死亡率及相对应的胞内NO、ROS、Ca2+水平显著低于同期SO2衍生物单独处理组(p0.05).在用As A、L-NAME分别与2.0 mmol·L-1SO2衍生物共同处理后,同时检测ROS、NO及Ca2+含量,发现三者均显著低于SO2衍生物单独处理组;同理,用EGTA和2.0 mmol·L-1SO2衍生物共同处理后,尽管这时Ca2+水平显著下降,但ROS和NO含量却降低不显著.这一结果表明,NO和ROS在Ca2+的上游,且可能通过NO-Ca2+或者NO-ROS-Ca2+信号途径调节SO2诱导的万寿菊保卫细胞凋亡.     

氧化胁迫参与硫酸锌诱导的酵母细胞死亡

以模式生物酵母为材料,研究了不同浓度硫酸锌对酵母细胞的致死效应,以及活性氧(ROS)在硫酸锌诱导酵母凋亡中的作用.结果显示,低浓度处理组中,酵母细胞的相对生长率、超氧化物歧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力升高,超氧化物歧化酶相关基因SOD1和SOD2表达增强,而细胞存活率和MDA含量无明显变化.高浓度(3和5 mmol·L~(-1))处理组中,野生株酵母超氧化物歧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力明显下降,SOD1和SOD2基因表达受到明显抑制,胞内ROS水平和MDA含量升高,细胞死亡率显著上升;在相同锌处理组中,突变体ΔSOD1对硫酸锌的耐受性明显差于野生株BY4741,ΔSOD1胞内ROS水平和细胞凋亡率显著高于野生株,而ΔSOD2与野生株间无显著差异.结果表明,低浓度硫酸锌可促进酵母细胞生长,可能诱导了酵母细胞生长的Hormesis效应;高浓度硫酸锌可引起酵母细胞氧化损伤,而锌胁迫诱导的胞内ROS水平升高是酵母细胞死亡的一个诱因.该研究结果可为锌化物的毒性作用及其健康风险评估提供理论依据.     

SO2诱导的萱草保卫细胞气孔运动及其信号调节

气孔运动调节对植物抵御环境胁迫具有十分重要的作用,然而,其在SO2对景观植物毒作用过程中的响应及可能的信号机制目前还不清楚.因此,本文以萱草叶片下表皮为材料,研究了SO2诱导的萱草保卫细胞气孔运动及其信号调节.结果表明,50~400μmol·L-1SO2衍生物(Na2SO3∶Na HSO3=3∶1)处理萱草叶表皮后,保卫细胞气孔开度随处理浓度增大而逐渐减小,Ca2+、NO和ROS含量逐渐增加(p0.05),且处理浓度大于250μmol·L-1时,各指标与对照差异极显著(p0.01);经缓冲液洗脱处理后,50~250μmol·L-1SO2衍生物处理组气孔开度恢复显著(p0.01).用250μmol·L-1SO2衍生物分别与抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(As A:0.05、0.1、0.5 mmol·L-1)和过氧化氢酶(CAT:100、200、300 U·m L-1),Ca2+螯合剂EGTA(0.05、0.1、0.5 mmol·L-1)和Ca2+通道抑制剂La Cl3(0.05、0.1、0.5 mmol·L-1),以及硝酸还原酶抑制剂Na N3(0.05、0.1、0.2 mmol·L-1)、NO清除剂C-PTIO(0.05、0.2、0.5 mmol·L-1)和NO合成酶抑制剂L-NAME(0.01、0.02、0.03 mmol·L-1)共同作用后,与SO2衍生物单独处理组相比,气孔关闭程度显著减小,保卫细胞中Ca2+、NO和ROS含量显著降低.用抗氧化剂As A、NO干扰剂L-NAME和SO2处理后,ROS、Ca2+和NO水平均显著降低,而用钙离子干扰剂EGTA和SO2处理后,只有Ca2+水平显著降低,而ROS、NO水平变化不显著.以上结果表明,NO、ROS和Ca2+参与了气孔运动的调节,且Ca2+在NO、ROS下游发挥作用.     

外源脱落酸缓解二氧化硫对胡杨细胞的毒性

二氧化硫(SO_2)是一种常见的大气污染物.前期研究表明,过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和一氧化氮(NO)参与调控SO_2诱导的胡杨细胞毒性.脱落酸(ABA)是一种植物逆境激素,目前关于ABA在植物细胞响应SO_2胁迫中的具体作用并不清楚.因此,本文以胡杨愈伤细胞为材料,采用SO_2衍生物处理,研究外源ABA在植物细胞SO_2毒性缓解中的作用及相关机制.结果发现:2 mmol·L~(-1)SO_2衍生物处理胡杨细胞9 h后,细胞电解质外渗率和细胞死亡率明显增加;外源施用5μmol·L~(-1)ABA可明显缓解SO_2对胡杨细胞的毒性,降低电解质外渗率和细胞死亡率.2 mmol·L~(-1)SO_2衍生物胁迫下,与SO_2单独处理组相比,添加外源ABA能够使胡杨细胞的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别提高23.9%和48.0%,从而减少胞内H_2O_2水平.此外,SO_2胁迫下,外施ABA后胡杨细胞的Pe Nia1、Pe Nia2基因表达受到明显抑制,细胞硝酸还原酶(NR)活性降低24.1%,胞内NO合成减少.以上结果表明,SO_2胁迫下,外源施加ABA可有效降低胡杨细胞内H_2O_2和NO水平,从而缓解SO_2对胡杨细胞的毒性.     

一氧化氮合酶途径参与SO_2胁迫下蚕豆气孔运动调节

以蚕豆为材料,研究一氧化氮合酶(NOS)途径在SO2诱发气孔运动中的作用.研究发现:浓度7.5~200μmol·L-1的SO2衍生物处理后,蚕豆叶面气孔开度减小,气孔开度与SO2衍生物浓度呈负相关;SO2衍生物处理组叶组织中NOS活性增强;加入NO清除剂c-PTIO或NOS抑制剂L-NAME可抑制SO2衍生物诱发的气孔关闭;SO2衍生物处理组保卫细胞内NO和Ca2+水平升高,用c-PTIO降低胞内NO水平后Ca2+水平随之下降.结果表明,SO2衍生物胁迫可诱发保卫细胞内NO合成增加,NO通过调节胞内Ca2+水平升高,激活下游信号转导途径,调节气孔运动;NOS途径介导的NO合成参与了SO2胁迫下蚕豆气孔运动的调节.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.