辽河保护区水体溶解性有机质空间分布与来源解析

以辽河保护区水体为研究对象,使用三维荧光光谱技术（EEMs）结合平行因子模型（PARAFAC）探究辽河保护区水体溶解性有机质（DOM）的组成成分、主要来源及DOM的空间分布特征.同时,结合水体理化性质指标,运用统计学分析方法研究影响DOM的主要因素.结果表明,辽河保护区表层水中DOM含有3种荧光组分,分别为陆源及海洋源类腐殖C1（λ_Ex/λ_Em=245,315 nm/415 nm）、类富里酸C2（λ_Ex/λ_Em=260,355 nm/470 nm）及类色氨酸C3（λ_Ex/λ_Em=225,280 nm/340 nm）.辽河保护区DOM以类腐殖质物质C1与C2为主要成分（占总组分荧光强度的78%）,以类蛋白质组分C3为次要组分（占总组分荧光强度的22%）.从组分及空间分布上看,DOM类腐殖质组分总荧光强度表现为上游>下游>中游,类蛋白质组分的荧光强度则表现为中游>下游>上游,与周边环境因素及人为扰动因素具有密切关系.DOM来源受内源释放和外源输入共同影响,具有自生源特征和腐殖化特征.通过相关性分析可知,C1、C2与DOC呈显著正相关关系;C3与TP呈正相关关系,与TN呈负相关关系.     

城市不同类型水体有色可溶性有机物来源组成特征

过去几十年里,我国飞速的工业活动和城市化进程对城市地表水体生态系统产生巨大影响,地表水体水质变化直接影响城市居民用水安全、城市景观维护及城市热点区域碳循环过程.通过2020年6月采集长春市各类水体（城市河流、公园湖泊及水库）共50个样品,结合光谱吸收及三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析法（EEMs-PARAFAC）分析了各类水体的有色可溶性有机物（CDOM）光学特性、组成特征及潜在来源.结果表明,长春市城市河流DOC浓度显著高于水库水体（t-test,P<0.05）.城市河流水体的CDOM吸收系数a₂₅₄均值显著大于公园湖泊和水库（t-test,P<0.05）,表明城市河流水体中CDOM浓度最高.CDOM光谱吸收斜率S_275-295与光谱吸收斜率比S_R均值均表现为公园湖泊>水库>城市河流（t-test,P<0.001）.平行因子分析法解析三维荧光光谱得到3个荧光组分,陆源类腐殖酸C1（E_x=260 nm,E_m=452 nm）、微生物作用类腐殖酸C2（E_x=245/290 nm,E_m=388 nm）和类色氨酸C3（E_x=275 nm,E_m=340 nm）.城市河流水体各组分荧光强度均值均显著高于公园湖泊与水库（t-test,P<0.005）,水库水体陆源类腐殖酸C1荧光强度均值显著高于微生物作用类腐殖酸C2和类色氨酸C3（t-test,P<0.005）,城市居民生活污水排放对长春市城市水体,尤其是城市河道中有机碳贡献较大,且该部分有机质中微生物降解潜力强的类蛋白组分贡献率高.因此,应加强城市污水排放管控以有效保障长春市城市水体经济、环境与生态功能的发挥.     

胶州湾围隔实验中溶解有机物三维荧光特征

利用三维荧光激发发射矩阵光谱法(EEMS),测定胶州湾围隔实验中不同营养盐条件下产生的溶解有机物的三维荧光特性.结果显示,浮游植物可产生类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光,类蛋白荧光峰由类酪氨酸(tyrosine-like)荧光峰和类色氨酸(tryptophan-like)荧光峰组成,主要位置为Ex_max/Em_max=270 nm/290～310 nm,Ex_max/Em_max=270～290 nm/320～350 nm的荧光峰强度比较弱;在Ex_max/Em_max=250～260 nm/380～480 nm(A峰)、Ex_max/Em_max=310～320 nm/380～420 nm(C峰)和Ex_max/Em_max=330～350 nm/420～480 nm(M峰)位置均出现零散的类腐殖质荧光峰,其中以A峰为主.类酪氨酸荧光强度明显高于类腐殖质荧光强度.浮游植物量降低时,类酪氨酸荧光强度与叶绿素a浓度呈明显的负相关.硅藻和甲藻产生的类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光强度之间具有较好的相关性,两者来源相似, 并且甲藻与硅藻相比能够产生更多的类蛋白荧光物质.不同环境下类腐殖质混合物的组分比例不同,甲藻生长环境下相对于硅藻具有较低的A/C比值.     

基于UV-vis和EEMs解析白洋淀冬季冰封期间隙水DOM的光谱特征及来源

基于三维荧光光谱（EEMs）技术结合平行因子分析法（PARAFAC）以及紫外-可见光谱技术（UV-vis）,对雄安新区-白洋淀冬季冰封期不同特征区域间隙水溶解性有机物（DOM）的光谱特征以及来源进行解析.结果表明：冬季冰封期白洋淀不同特征淀区间隙水DOM的相对浓度差异显著,养殖区的最高、旅游区的最低;冰封期白洋淀大部分区域间隙水DOM的E₃/E₄均大于3.5,说明DOM以低腐殖质成分为主;三维荧光通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类酪氨酸（C1）、类色氨酸（C2）和陆源腐殖质（C3）;对3个组分进行相关性分析,结果显示C1与C2之间的相关系数达到0.99（p<0.001）;白洋淀各个特征区域间的DOM总荧光强度和各荧光组分相对丰度呈现显著的差异（p<0.05）;DOM的总荧光强度以及各组分的荧光强度均呈现出唐河入淀口高的特征,C1+C2是DOM的主要成分呈现养殖区多、自然区少的特点,养殖区达到79.30%~92.04%,自然区达到26.60%~38.55%;冰封期白洋淀间隙水水体的DOM荧光指数FI为（2.58±0.23）>1.8,生物源指数（BIX）为1.20±0.25,表明白洋淀DOM来源于生物活动并且以自生源为主,与腐殖程度指标（HIX）的结果相吻合;a₂₅₄与硝氮、溶解性总磷和A₂₅₄/A₂₀₄,a₃₅₅与S_350~400;a₄₄₀与S_275~295、S_350~400、E₂/E₄、E₂/E₆和E₄/E₆,C1以及C2与Fn₂₈₀,C3与硝氮和Fn₃₅₅相关性很好（p<0.05）.综上,通过对冬季冰封期白洋淀各个典型淀区间隙水水体DOM光谱特征进行研究,可以为分析白洋淀水体有机物污染特征和白洋淀的水质管理提供技术支持.     

白洋淀夏季汛期入淀河流水体溶解性有机物的光谱特征及来源

溶解性有机物（DOM）是全球最大的有机碳储存库,在天然水体的生物地球化学循环中起着至关重要的作用.河流是连接源头与受纳水体的过渡区,是进行DOM交换的关键环节.因此,运用紫外-可见光谱技术（UV-vis）和三维荧光光谱技术（EEMs）结合平行因子分析法（PARAFAC）,分析了夏季汛期白洋淀流域府河、小白河、白沟引河和瀑河水体中溶解性有机物的光谱特征及其来源.结果表明,府河和小白河水体的a₂₄₅和a₃₅₅显著高于白沟引河和瀑河;E₂/E₃显示入淀河流水体DOM相对分子质量大小为：瀑河>白沟引河>府河>小白河.三维荧光通过PARAFAC共解析出3种组分,分别为类酪氨酸（C1）、陆源类腐殖质（C2）和类色氨酸（C3）;各荧光组分间不存在差异（P>0.05）,C2和C3组分在不同入淀河流间存在差异（P<0.05）;易降解类蛋白质组分（C1+C3）占比高于类腐殖质组分C2.各入淀河流自生源指数BIX都大于1,腐殖化指数HIX都小于4,表明入淀河流水体自生源特征明显,腐殖化程度较弱;府河水体具有最高的FI指数（1.96 ± 0.25）和最低的HIX指数（0.46 ± 0.08）,且沿入淀河流方向自生源特征逐渐加强,表明府河水体呈现更高的内源特征.经入淀河流水体DOM的荧光组分与特征参数相关性分析得出,府河水体与小白河水体相关性呈现相似关系,白沟引河水体与瀑河水体呈现相似关系;各入淀河流水体DOM的荧光组分与水质参数的相关性呈现明显差异,并且与水体氮、磷关联较强;经多元线性回归分析,各入淀河流在C1组分之间不存在显著差异,在C2组分和C3组分之间存在显著差异.综上所述,通过对夏季汛期入淀河流水体的DOM光谱特征及来源的研究,进一步认识了白洋淀入淀河流的碳循环过程.     

基于EEMs与UV-vis分析苏州汛期景观河道中DOM光谱特性与来源

为探究汛期连续强降雨对苏州景观河道中溶解性有机物的影响,应用三维荧光光谱（EEMs）结合平行因子分析（PARAFAC）和紫外-可见吸收光谱（UV-vis）技术,分析了汛期不同时期苏州景观河道中溶解性有机物的光谱特性和来源.结果表明,整个汛期时期水体中共有4种溶解性有机物（DOM）荧光组分,包括2种类腐殖质组分（C1和C4）和2种类蛋白质组分（C2和C3）,相关性分析表明荧光组分C2、C3和C4之间存在显著相关性.汛期初期时受初期雨水影响,河道中DOM的总荧光强度较强,而在汛期中期和后期,DOM的荧光强度显著降低.荧光特征参数表明,在汛期初期时DOM的内源性特征显著,到中期时陆源性显著,到后期又以内源占主导.整个汛期SUVA₂₅₄、SUVA₂₆₀和E2/E3都呈现相同趋势,先降低而后升高.受汛期连续强降雨的影响,河道中氮磷营养盐含量增加,但在汛期较强的水动力条件下,藻类并未大量增殖,直到汛期结束后藻类开始大量增殖.荧光组分C2、C3和C4与特征参数（FI、HIX、BIX和β：α）有显著相关性（P<0.01）,所有荧光组分与DOC均有显著相关性（P<0.05）,荧光组分C1与叶绿素a （Chla）有显著相关性.主成分（PCA）分析表明汛期不同时期河道中DOM组分差异显著,汛期连续强降雨对水体中C2、C3和C4组分含量影响显著.     

汛期暴雨径流对饮用水水库溶解性有机质(DOM)光谱特征的影响

为探究汛期暴雨径流对水库有机质的影响,以李家河水库为例,采用三维荧光光谱-平行因子法（EEMs-PARAFAC）及紫外-可见（UV-Vis）吸收光谱法分析径流过程中4个时期（径流前、径流洪峰期、径流1周后和6周后）溶解性有机质（DOM）含量及组分变化.结果表明：①径流洪峰期水库水体浊度、DOC含量显著升高（P<0.01）,洪峰期后逐步下降;②紫外-可见光谱特征参数显示,径流洪峰期a（254）和a（355）显著升高（P<0.01）,而E2/E3和E3/E4显著降低（P<0.01）,表明暴雨径流使水库水体DOM的浓度、相对分子质量和腐殖化程度升高;③李家河水库共解析出4种荧光DOM组分,分别为陆源腐殖质组分（C1、C2）、微生物腐殖质组分（C3）和类色氨酸组分（C4）,径流洪峰期C1~C3组分荧光强度显著升高（P<0.05）,表明暴雨径流大幅增加了水库DOM类腐殖质组分含量,洪峰期后C1~C4组分荧光强度不断降低,表明径流后DOM不断沉降和降解.④ Pearson相关性分析显示暴雨径流后水体DOM荧光强度和浊度呈现显著的相关性（r>0.467,P<0.05）,表明DOM的减少和悬浮物沉降有关,主成分分析（PCA）表明暴雨径流事件的各个时期水库水质呈现出不同的特征.本研究阐明了暴雨径流对李家河水库DOM含量和组分短期及后续影响,为饮用水水库水质管理提供了科学支撑.     

太湖北部沉积物不同形态磷提取液中有机质的特征

综合应用高效体积排阻色谱、三维荧光光谱、红外光谱及元素分析等方法,研究了太湖北部3个湖区表层(0～10 cm)沉积物不同形态磷提取液中有机质的特征,并探讨了有机质与磷之间的关系.结果发现,沉积物中总磷的含量与其上覆水体的营养水平相一致;有机C/N、C/P比值在8.5～11.9和188.5～256.6之间,表明沉积物中有机质以湖泊内源自生为主,受陆源输入的影响很小.不同磷形态提取液中有机质的相对分子质量分布和三维荧光光谱存在很大差异,但不同沉积物之间的差别并不显著.3种提取液中有机质的相对分子质量顺序依次为：HCl＞NaOH＞NaHCO₃,其重均相对分子质量(M_w)和数均相对分子质量(M_n)分别在4 983～5 873和3 642～5 065、 3 628～4 198和2 334～2 616、 3 282～3 512和2 249～2 380之间,可能反映了不同提取液中有机磷的组成及其生物活性的不同.沉积物提取液中有机质的三维荧光光谱均以类富里酸荧光峰A(E_x/E_m=230～260　nm/360～470　nm)或C(E_x/E_m=290～320　nm/390～460　nm)为主,NaHCO₃和HCl提取液中还分别发现了类蛋白荧光峰B(E_x/E_m=275～280　nm/340～360　nm)和D(E_x/E_m=225　nm/330～350　nm)及类腐殖酸荧光峰E(E_x/E_m=360～375　nm/460～470　nm).这些荧光光谱特征不仅揭示了不同提取液中有机质组成的差异,而且可能表明了太湖沉积物中有机质的降解受到再悬浮作用的强烈影响.此外,沉积物胡敏酸红外光谱中1 059～1 082　cm^-1的吸收谱带也可能反映了磷酸盐的存在.     

不同分子量草源DOM与重金属的相互作用

将采集自徒骇河聊城河段沉水植被生长区的DOM分为3个分子量级别：<0.7 μm DOM、<500 kDa DOM、<100 kDa DOM,通过三维荧光结合平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）和荧光滴定法探讨水体中不同分子量DOM的荧光特征及其与重金属（Cu²⁺和Pb²⁺）的络合作用.结果表明：草源DOM的有机碳主要储存在分子量<100 kDa组分中.PARAFAC分析得出4个荧光组分,分别为类色氨酸组分C2、C4,以及酪氨酸组分C1和类腐殖质组分C3.草源DOM主要以分子量<100 kDa的类色氨酸组分C2和酪氨酸组分C1为主.二维相关光谱（2D-COS）表明,与类腐殖物质相比,类蛋白物质优先与Cu²⁺与Pb²⁺发生猝灭,DOM中不同分子量组分与Cu²⁺与Pb²⁺的猝灭顺序未发生改变.在与Cu²⁺结合的过程中,不同 分子量中类腐殖质组分C3的络合常数（logK_a）大于类蛋白组分C1、C2,表明类腐殖质组分的金属结合能力强于类蛋白质组分;随着分子量级别的降低,组分C3的logK_a值逐渐增大（3.47<3.59<3.73）,表明低分子量（<100 kDa）中的类腐殖质与Cu²⁺具有更高的结合能力.不同分子量DOM中,类蛋白组分C1、C2、C4在分子量<0.7 μm DOM中的logK_a值均最高,表明高分子量（<0.7 μm）的类蛋白质更容易与Cu²⁺结合,而Pb²⁺与各组分结合出现了荧光增强或猝灭的现象.DOM-Cu²⁺与DOM-Pb²⁺结合表现出不同的结合规律,反映出金属种类与DOM结合的异质性与复杂性.     

光和微生物降解对芦苇落叶溶解有机物与铅相互作用的影响

溶解有机物（DOM）是决定水环境中铅（Pb）的形态、环境行为和生态风险的重要因子.然而,落叶DOM与Pb（II）络合作用的调控机制尚不清楚.光和微生物降解是调控DOM含量、组成与活性的两个关键过程.本研究运用降解培养实验、光谱学表征和荧光猝灭滴定,考察光和微生物降解单独作用和共同作用对芦苇落叶DOM的改造及其对DOM与Pb（II）相互作用的影响.激发-发射三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析共识别出4个类腐殖质组分（C1~C4）和1个类蛋白质组分（C5）.类腐殖质组分更容易被光降解,类蛋白质组分则被微生物优先利用,光降解在短期的光-微生物降解过程中起主导作用.对于原始落叶DOM,Pb（II）主要与类腐殖质组分C1、C2和C4络合,C3组分只在光-微生物降解后的样品呈现显著荧光猝灭,类蛋白质组分C5在光和光-微生物降解后开始参与络合.类腐殖质C1与Pb（II）络合的条件稳定常数logK_M在光降解后升高而在光-微生物降解后下降,C2和C4的logK_M值经过各降解过程后均升高.降解后这3个组分参与络合的比例f和络合容量F_max·f均显著降低,且光降解的影响显著高于微生物降解.这些结果表明,光降解和微生物降解对DOM丰度、组成和结构的改造将显著影响其与金属离子的络合稳定性和络合容量.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.