巢湖完全氨氧化细菌的丰度、群落结构及其影响因素研究

完全氨氧化过程（complete ammonia oxidation, comammox）的发现使研究者们对硝化作用和氮循环都有了新的认识.本研究选取巢湖冬夏季表层（0~10 cm）沉积物样品,运用高通量测序、实时定量PCR等分子生物学技术对comammox细菌的丰度和群落结构进行研究.结果表明：基于amoA基因的comammox细菌的丰度为（5.20±0.72）×10⁶~（4.06±1.23）×10⁷ copies·g^-1;氨氧化古菌的丰度为（5.39±1.01）×10⁵~（1.60±0.18）×10⁷ copies·g^-1;氨氧化细菌的丰度为（6.16±1.57）×10⁵~（4.30±0.19）×10⁶ copies·g^-1.comammox细菌的绝对丰度显著高于氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌.多样性分析表明冬季巢湖表层沉积物中的comammox细菌的物种多样性大于夏季.其中Candidatus Nitrospira nitrificans、Candidatus Nitrospira nitrosa和Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的相对丰度最高占比分别为78.72%、49.80%和6.28%,且夏季样点中Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的相对丰度显著高于冬季样点.主坐标分析（Principle Coordinate Analysis, PcoA）结果表明,comammox细菌的群落结构具有明显的时间异质性.理化因子中,NH₄⁺和NO₃^-与comammox细菌的丰度呈负相关关系.本研究在一定程度上揭示了comammox细菌的丰度、群落组成、多样性及其与理化因子的关系.     

渔业复垦塌陷地抗生素抗性基因与微生物群落

水产养殖行业抗生素的广泛使用引起了抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）污染问题.为探究渔业复垦塌陷地ARGs污染特征,利用宏基因组学技术检测分析了渔业复垦塌陷地ARGs的相对丰度和微生物群落结构.研究区域共检测出29种ARGs,bacA在所有样品中相对丰度最高,达1.96×10^-5~1.19×10^-4.沉积物中磺胺类和四环素类ARGs相对丰度较高,井水中多药类ARGs相对丰度较高.微生物群落结构表明变形菌门（Proteobacteria）在所有样品中为最优势细菌门,沉积物中绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）较为优势.属水平上,硫杆菌属（Thiobacillus）为沉积物中最优势细菌属,不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）为井水中优势细菌属.ARGs与微生物相关性分析表明,菌属与ARGs间主要呈中度相关,多种菌属与ARGs显著正相关,ARGs的分布受微生物群落结构的重要影响.渔业复垦塌陷地沉积物与井水均受到ARGs污染,应加强相应控制措施保护区域环境.     

再生水构建水环境中沉水植物附着细菌群落特征

沉水植物茎、叶附着生物膜对再生水构建水环境的水质改善具有重要作用.为探究再生水水质及沉水植物种类对附着生物膜细菌群落特征的影响,选取再生水构建的水环境中不同种类沉水植物为研究对象,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对其附着生物膜及周围环境样本的细菌群落结构和功能基因进行分析.结果表明,再生水水体中氮磷营养物质在水环境中得到了20%~35%的吸收利用,下游水体中COD、浊度和色度呈现升高趋势.沉水植物附着生物膜中细菌群落与周围环境（土壤、底泥和水体）及再生水处理厂活性污泥的细菌群落存在差异：在群落多样性上,其丰富度和多样性显著低于土壤和底泥中细菌但高于水中浮游细菌;在群落结构上,其优势菌属及对应相对丰度与其它样本不同,主要优势菌属有鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）、气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）,分别占比7%~40%.沉水植物种类和再生水水质（BOD₅、TN、NH₄⁺-N和TP）均会影响植物附着细菌群落,但水质对附着细菌群落的影响大于植物种类,且水质也会影响沉水植物附着细菌群落功能基因相对丰度,氮磷浓度较高区域氮循环与磷循环功能基因相对丰度较高.研究结果为揭示沉水植物附着细菌群落特征和优选沉水植物种植种类提供科学依据.     

城市污水处理厂进水氨氧化菌对活性污泥系统的季节性影响

为考察进水氨氧化菌（AOB）对活性污泥系统的季节性影响,对未设置初沉池的西安市第二污水处理厂中进水及活性污泥的氨氧化活性及群落结构进行长期调查分析.结果表明,进水及活性污泥的比氨氧化速率（SAUR）分别为0.48~3.02 mg·（g·h）^-1和0.68~2.25 mg·（g·h）^-1,相关性分析结果显示进水SAUR与次月活性污泥SAUR高度相关（r=0.862,P<0.05）,表明进水硝化菌对活性污泥硝化性能有显著影响.根据硝化活性计算的进水AOB对活性污泥的接种强度为0.21~0.92 g·（g·d）^-1,因此,在优化活性污泥模型及污水厂设计时,有必要考虑到进水硝化菌的迁移作用.qPCR结果显示,进水及活性污泥中AOB丰度分别为1.32×10⁸~2.36×10⁹cells·g^-1和1.12×10¹⁰~1.19×10¹⁰ cells·g^-1,而冬季活性污泥中AOB丰度虽有降低,但仍保持在10¹⁰ cells·g^-1,这说明进水硝化菌的迁移能缓解因温度降低而导致的活性污泥硝化菌丰度下降.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,进水和活性污泥中具有共同的优势AOB,分为Nitrosomonas sp.Nm58、Nitrosomonas sp.JL21和bacterium CYCU-0253.     

人工湿地沟壕系统中硝酸盐异化还原成铵细菌群落特征研究

硝酸盐异化还原成铵（Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium，DNRA）过程，是将易损失的NO₃^--N转化为NH₄⁺-N，而被植物或微生物重新吸收利用，从而有助于湿地沉积物的氮保留.本研究选取石臼漾人工湿地冬、夏两季沟壕中心、边缘表层沉积物，采用高通量测序等分析方法，研究了DNRA细菌群落结构特征.研究结果表明：在空间尺度上，沟壕中心DNRA细菌丰度高于沟壕边缘，分别为（2.26±1.19）×10⁹和（1.22±1.46）×10⁹ copies·g^-1.在时间尺度上，冬夏两季样品中DNRA细菌丰度具有显著性差异（p<0.05）.多样性分析表明，沟壕中心沉积物的DNRA群落丰富度高于沟壕边缘.所有样品中占比最高的DNRA属为Caldilinea（69.75%±3.64%）、Anaeromyxobacter（66.41%±1.19%）.Caldilinea属在夏季样品的占比（39.78%±5.15%）高于冬季样品（29.98%±0.57%），而Anaeromyxobacter属在沟壕中心的占比（35.14%±0.83%）高于沟壕边缘（31.28%±0.76%），且小沟（34.33%±1.40%）高于大沟（32.08%±1.33%）.主坐标分析（PcoA）结果表明，DNRA细菌群落结构具有明显的时间异质性.DNRA细菌丰度与有机质（TOM）、碳氮比（C/N）和含水率（MC）显著相关.本研究揭示了人工湿地沉积物中DNRA细菌的丰度、群落组成、多样性及其与环境因子的关系.     

活性污泥微生物群落结构及与环境因素响应关系分析

对已发表的62个来自国内外污废水处理设施中活性污泥的16S rRNA扩增子数据进行数据发掘和分析,旨在揭示不同进水性质、温度及处理工艺对应的污泥菌群结构特性.结果表明,活性污泥中整体有着较高的物种多样性和群落丰富度,不同活性污泥样品微生物群落结构有一定差异,样品中常见的优势菌属有Thauera、Nitrospira、Comamonas、Dechloromonas、Rhodoferax、Aquihabitans 和Acidovorax等.温度与Nitrospira、Aquihabitans、Terrimonas和Dechloromona等多种关键的脱氮微生物呈负相关,当温度低于15℃时,32座污水处理厂对TN和NH₄⁺-N的去除率仅有49.67%和63.19%.BOD₅/COD值越大的污水处理系统,Zoogloea、Arcobacter、Acidovorax和Acinetobacter等优势功能性菌属相对丰度也越高,污染物的去除率也越高.对于生活污水的处理,A²O工艺性能要优于OD、CAS和CMAS工艺,Comamonas、Rhodoferax、Nitrospira和Novosphingobium等多种功能性优势菌属的相对丰度要高于其它3类工艺.     

高含固厨余垃圾垂直流厌氧处理系统的构建与启动

我国厨余垃圾产量巨大，含固率在25%左右，不适于填埋，厨余垃圾处理亟待寻找其他出路.本研究在中温（（37±1）℃）条件下，构建了垂直流厌氧处理系统处理高含固厨余垃圾，并对其启动阶段运行效能及启动后系统微生物群落结构进行了分析.稳定运行后，系统容积负荷为9.79 g·L^-1·d^-1，挥发性固体（VS）降解率为80.57%±4.10%，比产气率（SBP）和比甲烷产率（SMP）分别为（0.748±0.078）L·g^-1·d^-1和（0.405±0.052）L·g^-1·d^-1，系统缓冲能力强，具有良好的产气能力，不存在酸抑制和氨抑制的情况.对不同位置的微生物群落结构进行分析，细菌在反应器主体的优势菌为Chloroflexi菌门中的Levilinea菌属，参与碳水化合物水解酸化的细菌分布较广；古菌的优势菌属则为Methanothrix、Methanobacterium和Methanolinea，均与产甲烷有关.     

寒冷地区IFAS+磁混凝污水厂菌群结构和抗生素抗性基因分析

为探究寒冷地区IFAS+磁混凝污水厂中菌群及其携带的抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）变化,采用16S rRNA基因测序和宏基因组测序方法对新疆某城市污水厂进行研究.结果表明,绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和硝化螺旋菌门（Nitrospirae）在活性污泥中的相对丰度平均值分别为3.50%和0.03%,在生物膜中的相对丰度分别达到10.02%和2.12%,NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率平均值分别由改造前的91.89%和66.76%提升至改造后的97.71%和91.90%,表明IFAS增强了寒冷地区污水厂的生物脱氮能力;生物处理段内与铁氧化还原有关的Ferruginibacter和红育菌属（Rhodoferax）的相对丰度平均值分别达到5.24%和3.72%,出水中红育菌属（Rhodoferax）的相对丰度达到9.48%,表明磁粉对菌群产生了影响;该厂对ARGs有明显的去除效果,ARGs的相对丰度由进水中的191.08×10^-3‰降至出水中的32.58×10^-3‰,活性污泥中ARGs相对丰度为63.25×10^-3‰~72.38×10^-3‰,明显高于生物膜中的41.31×10^-3‰,但sul2、floR和rpoB 2等ARGs优势亚型在生物膜中的相对丰度分别为5.77×10^-3‰、2.52×10^-3‰和2.03×10^-3‰,高于活性污泥中的3.15×10^-3‰~3.57×10^-3‰、1.73×10^-3‰~2.24×10^-3‰和1.28×10^-3‰~1.76×10^-3‰;网络分析结果表明,Caldilineaceae_norank与sul2呈显著正相关,毛球菌属（Trichococcus）与floR呈显著正相关.     

兰州市春季微生物气溶胶浓度、粒径及细菌群落结构分布特性

分析了兰州市春季不同时段微生物气溶胶浓度、粒径和细菌群落结构组成的差异,探讨气象条件和空气污染物对微生物气溶胶分布的影响.结果表明,兰州市春季空气环境中总微生物、细菌、真菌和放线菌浓度均值分别为（2730±376）、（2243±354）、（349±38）和（138±22） CFU·m^-3,其中,细菌占82.16%,明显高于真菌和放线菌（P<0.05）.08：00~09：00时段总微生物、细菌和放线菌浓度明显高于18：00~19：00时段,微生物气溶胶浓度变化明显受气象条件和空气污染物的影响.细菌和真菌气溶胶粒子主要分布在前4级（>2.1 μm）,分别占85.13%和83.26%,而放线菌主要集中在后4级（<4.7 μm）上,占73.15%.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,08：00~09：00和18：00~19：00时段细菌群落结构组成差异不显著（P>0.05）.乳球菌属（Lactococcus）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）为优势菌属,肠球菌属（Enterococcus）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella）、欧文氏菌属（Erwinia）、蜡样芽胞杆菌（Bacillus cereus）、无乳链球菌（Streptococcus agalactiae）和产气荚膜梭菌（Clostridium perfringens）等是兰州市春季空气环境的潜在病原菌.本研究结果为揭示兰州市春季微生物气溶胶污染状况以及相关病原菌对人类健康的潜在危害提供基础数据.     

分层型水库水体好氧不产氧光合细菌时空演替特征

好氧不产氧光合细菌（aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis bacteria,AAPB）以多样的群落结构及独特的代谢功能在水体物质循环中扮演着重要角色.基于实时荧光定量PCR及Illumina MiSeq高通量DNA测序技术研究金盆水库水体中AAPB丰度及群落结构时空演替特征,结合冗余分析揭示环境因子对其群落结构影响规律.结果表明,金盆水库水体AAPB丰度（以pufM基因计）变化范围为（6.70±0.43）×10³~（2.69±0.15）×10⁴ copies·mL^-1,最大值出现于10月,且随水深增加而减小.样本主要归为19个属（除未分类菌属外）,优势AAPB菌属包括慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium sp.）和甲烷菌属（Methylobacterium sp.）,两者隶属α-变形菌（α-Proteobacteria）,其中慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium sp.）占比于11月最高,高达60%以上（除10 m外）,此外也发现了以低比例存在的红长命菌属（Rubrivivax sp.）,隶属β-变形菌（β-Proteobacteria）.AAPB不同属间存在较强的互作关系,如红杆菌属（Rhodobacter sp.）与小红卵菌属（Rhodovulum sp.）呈正相关,噬氢菌属（Hydrogenophaga sp.）与慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium sp.）呈负相关等.AAPB种群结构组成及分布差异显著,主要受T、TN、NO₃^--N和光照强度影响,且由环境因素综合调控.如10月水深0、5和15 m水体AAPB种群结构受水温（T）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）显著影响,12月水深5 m水体AAPB种群结构受光照强度、pH、溶解氧（DO）和叶绿素a（Chla）显著影响等.研究结果对解析分层型水库水体AAPB丰度和多样性的时空变化特征具有指导意义,并为探索AAPB种群结构的水环境驱动因素提供理论依据.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.