组合氯化消毒工艺的卤代消毒副产物生成特性

比较4种单独使用氯或组合氯化消毒工艺在较长管网停留时的卤代消毒副产物生成情况.4种工艺为单独游离氯消毒、氯胺消毒、清水池游离氯消毒后转氯胺的先氯后氨消毒、短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺.结果表明,游离氯消毒工艺在管网停留时间长时,卤代消毒副产物会持续大量的生成,而一氯胺消毒工艺生成的卤代消毒副产物量很低.目前使用较为普遍的先氯后氨消毒工艺与游离氯消毒相比,可以降低卤代消毒副产物的生成量,管网停留24 h时,三卤甲烷的生成量降低了9.6%,卤乙酸的生成量减低了42%.但是先氯后氨消毒工艺由于游离氯接触时间约为2 h,卤代消毒副产物已经大量生成.短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺,由于控制了游离氯的接触时间,可以在保障消毒工艺灭活微生物效果的同时更为有效地控制卤代消毒副产物,管网停留24 h时,三卤甲烷的生成量与单独游离氯消毒工艺相比降低了48%,卤乙酸的生成量减低了72%.因此,顺序氯化消毒工艺可以更好地控制卤代消毒副产物的生成,提高水质安全性.     

含溴黄浦江水消毒过程中溴代三卤甲烷和卤乙酸的生成特性

通过水厂出水DBPs调查和氯化培养实验探讨了黄浦江水中溴离子（Br-）在消毒过程中的迁移及对含溴副产物（溴代三卤甲烷和卤乙酸）生成的影响.结果表明,采用氯胺消毒的水厂出水中约10%的Br-迁移至Br-THMs和Br-HAAs.氯化培养时,在余氯充足的前提下增加Br-浓度,总有机溴（TOBr）和含溴副产物均增加.延长氯化...     

饮用水消毒工艺的选择和优化

饮用水的总三卤甲烷是潜在的危害人体健康的物质。文文研究了用优化加氯工艺和改变消毒剂和类等处理方法来降低处理水中总三卤甲烷。结果显示，优化预氯化工艺可有效地使处理水中总三卤甲烷浓度达标。用臭氧，二氧化氯，氯胺和高锰酸外替代液氯作消毒剂，可显著地降低总三卤甲烷的形成，但实际应用时，还须严格控制由此产生的其他副产物。     

臭氧和二氧化氯灭活水中病毒的研究

氯是世界上应用最广泛的饮用水消毒剂,但是它杀灭病毒的能力较差,消毒过程中还可能形成有毒的氯化有机物。本研究认为臭氧灭活病毒的作用迅速、浓度低、效率高,副作用较小,经臭氧消毒后的水无色、无臭、无三卤甲烷等有毒副产物。 二氧化氯也可以用作饮用水消毒剂。使用二氧化氯消毒产生的三卤甲烷要比氯消毒少得多;同时,二氧化氯不与水中常有的氨作用,形成消毒能力较差的氯氨。本研究表明,在大多数的饮用水pH范围内,二氧化氯是一种比氯性能良好的消毒剂。因此,臭氧和二氧化氯可以代替氯,单独地或与氯结合用于水的消毒。     

饮用水中卤代消毒副产物的产生和影响因素的研究

论述了卤代消毒副产物（三卤甲烷和卤代乙酸）对人体健康的危害，研究了投氯量、氯化时间、ｐＨ值和温度对它们的影响，提出了去除卤代消毒副产物的途径。     

饮用水消毒副产物分析及相关研究进展

饮用水消毒副产物（DBPs）是消毒剂和一些天然有机物（NOM）反应生成的化合物,主要包括三卤甲烷（THMs）、卤代G@（HAAs）、卤代乙腈（HANs）和致诱变化舍物（MX）4类。本文针对氯、氯胺、二氧化氯、臭氧4种主要消毒方式产生的消毒副产物,讨论了有关分析技术的发展过程,从DBPs的前处理技术、分析技术等角度,介绍了DBPs研究领域近期所取得的进展,并展望了今后研究的发展方向。     

两点短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺研究

基于顺序氯化消毒工艺的原理,采用两点短时游离氯后转氯胺的两点顺序氯化消毒工艺,即在过滤和清水池前的两点分别加氯,并在清水池加氯后立即加氨转化为氯胺消毒的工艺,该工艺在常规处理工艺的给水厂进行了消毒试验.结果表明,加氯点的适当提前,不仅有利于控制消毒副产物的生成量,而且有效抑制了滤池中的生物膜滋生.两点顺序氯化消毒工艺中生成的卤代消毒副产物比相同条件下一次性加入等量的氯消毒剂的消毒方法产生的三卤甲烷(THMs)平均减少了51.6％,卤乙酸(HAAs)平均减少了46.7％.细菌学指标HPC的结果也显示出了该工艺在保障水质的微生物安全方面的优势.     

饮用水卤代消毒副产物的去除途径探讨

论述了饮用水中卤代消毒副产物（三卤甲烷和卤代乙酸）对人体健康的危害，提出了将其去除的有效途径     

中压紫外对碘酸根的降解及后续氯胺化I-THM生成特性

以碘酸根为研究对象,研究中压紫外对碘酸根的降解速率,天然有机物及共存碘离子对其降解速率影响,在此基础上,采用氯胺消毒方式,考察溶液pH、氯胺投加量及溴离子浓度对碘代消毒副产物的生成影响.研究发现,饮用水中压紫外消毒工艺对碘酸根具有明显降解作用,其光反应产物为碘离子.降解过程符合拟一级反应动力学方程,中压紫外光强为8.5mW/cm~2时,其拟一级反应速率常数为(0.403±0.059)×10~(-3)s~(-1).水中天然有机物(NOM)可促进紫外光对碘酸根的降解,而初始碘离子浓度会抑制碘酸根降解.含碘酸盐原水经中压紫外光照射后,后续氯胺消毒工艺将大量产生碘代三卤甲烷(I-THMs).因此在采用中压紫外/氯胺联合消毒的净水工艺中,碘酸根转化后形成碘代消毒副产物的风险应当引起关注.     

单过硫酸氢钾复合粉在饮用水消毒过程中的副产物生成特性及遗传毒性变化

以北京田村山净水厂原水和炭后出水作为试验用水,对新型消毒剂单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒后生成的消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)进行定性分析.向受试水样中分别投加单过硫酸氢钾复合粉和次氯酸钠,比较了复合粉消毒和氯消毒的DBPs生成量,并通过umu试验对水样消毒后的遗传毒性变化进行测试.结果表明,测试水样投加单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒前后的有机物种类变化不大,但仍有新的卤代烃和卤代物生成.与氯消毒相比,单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒后生成的三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)的含量更低.另外,根据umu测试的结果,经单过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒后原水和炭后水的遗传毒性均明显低于氯消毒.然而在水中有机物较多和消毒剂投加量较大时,单过硫酸氢钾复合粉用于消毒仍有一定安全风险.     

我国污水排放余氯限值规定及监测、控制方法研究进展

含氯消毒剂在我国污水处理过程中普遍使用,其在灭活病原微生物的同时会增加出水余氯浓度,对生态环境造成影响. 新冠肺炎疫情防控期间,含氯消毒剂的使用量大幅增加,余氯问题更加凸显. 为对我国水污染物排放标准中余氯限值的制定和修订提出可参考的建议,比较了国内外现有各类水污染物排放标准中的余氯限值,并总结分析余氯监测及控制方法的研究进展. 结果表明:①我国多项水污染物排放标准包含出水中余氯限值规定,如《医疗机构水污染物排放标准》规定采用氯化消毒的医院污水直接排放总余氯浓度应低于0.5 mg/L,北京、上海等地的地方污水综合排放标准规定直接排放的污水总余氯浓度应低于0.5 mg/L,但我国城镇污水处理厂消毒尾水中的余氯至今仍缺乏标准管控. ②我国余氯测定标准中规定的余氯监测方法为N,N-二乙基-1,4-苯二胺(DPD)滴定法和分光光度法,近年来余氯的仪器分析法和传感器法也得到迅速发展. ③余氯控制方法包括以二氧化硫和亚硫酸盐为脱氯剂的化学脱氯法、活性炭脱氯法和还原性金属材料脱氯法等. 因此,建议我国在未来城镇污水处理厂排放标准中考虑纳入余氯限值规定,并关注余氯监测及控制方法的发展与规范制定.      

国内外饮用水余氯限值及监测方法的研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间大规模使用含氯消毒剂,其残留可能对水环境及人体健康造成影响.我国饮用水水源地质量标准并未设置余氯项目及其浓度限值,且缺乏统一的余氯现场快速分析方法标准.为公共卫生事件发生期间的水质余氯监测与评价提供参考,对国内外饮用水标准余氯限值、实验室标准分析方法、现场快速分析方法等进行汇总分析,结果表明:①不同国家和地区以及WHO（World Health Organization,世界卫生组织）在饮用水标准中分别设置了出厂水中余氯限值（范围为0.1~2.0 mg/L）、管网末梢水中余氯限值（范围为0.1~1.8 mg/L）及饮用水中余氯最大允许浓度（范围为4~5 mg/L）.②比色法、容量法因其具有反应迅速且稳定、准确度及精密度较高等优点而成为国内外实验室主要标准或推荐分析方法,高效液相色谱法检出限最低,灵敏度最高,可用于余氯痕量分析.③余氯现场快速分析方法多以比色法为主,在线监测方法多为电化学方法,但缺乏统一的标准方法.研究显示,国外饮用水标准中余氯最大允许浓度为5 mg/L,WHO推荐高风险环境下的管网末梢余氯浓度最低为0.5 mg/L,建议尽快开展水质余氯现场监测方法标准化研究.      

Influencing factors and degradation products of antipyrine chlorination in water with free chlorine

Owing to its low cost, free chlorine is one of the most common disinfectants for wastewater and drinking water treatment. However, the formation of disinfection byproducts has been found to occur after free chlorine disinfection in recent decades. Antipyrine (ANT), an anti-inflammatory analgesic, has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In this work, the removal efficiency of ANT by free chlorine oxidation in ultrapure water was investigated with batch experiments. The influencing factors on the removal of ANT were explored at initial concentrations of ANT from 0.04 to 0.64 mg/L, free chlorine dosage from 0.30 to 1.31 mg/L, and pH from 1.5 to 9.0. The main degradation products were identified by solid phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that ANT reacted rapidly with free chlorine in ultrapure water systems and up to 90.6% removal efficiency of ANT was achieved after 25 sec (initial free chlorine 1 mg/L, ANT 0.5 mg/L, pH 7.0). Higher oxidant dosage, lower ANT initial concentration and low pH favor the ANT removal. The main degradation product in ANT chlorination was a monochlorine substitution product (4-chloro-1,2-dihydro- 1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one), which can be further chlorinated by free chlorine. In addition, the total organic carbon result indicated that ANT is difficult to be mineralized using chlorine.     

Impact of disinfection on drinking water biofilm bacterial community

Disinfectants are commonly applied to control the growth of microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems. However, the effect of disinfection on drinking water microbial community remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the impacts of different disinfectants (chlorine and chloramine) and dosages on biofilm bacterial community in bench-scale pipe section reactors. Illumina MiSeq sequencing illustrated that disinfection strategy could affect both bacterial diversity and community structure of drinking water biofilm. Proteobacteria tended to predominate in chloraminated drinking water biofilms, while Firmicutes in chlorinated and unchlorinated biofilms. The major proteobacterial groups were influenced by both disinfectant type and dosage. In addition, chloramination had a more profound impact on bacterial community than chlorination.     

几种消毒剂对自来水中“红虫”的杀灭效果比较

为筛选出有效、安全、经济的杀灭红虫药剂,以保证居民饮用水安全,研究了氯胺、二氧化氯、次氯酸钠和过氧化氢,在20℃、无光照条件下对该种红虫单一和联合的杀灭效果。结果表明,所用消毒剂在一定剂量下(次氯酸钠4.0mg/L、氯胺>4.0mg/L、二氧化氯8.0mg/L和过氧化氢0.01%)都能在短时间内(2h)取得较好的杀灭效果。次氯酸钠、二氧化氯和过氧化氢之间对红虫的杀灭存在拮抗作用。从保证居民饮用水质量和实际的可操作性角度出发,认为二氧化氯是一种较理想的杀虫药剂。     

历史传染病疫情的环境与气候特征初探及对新冠肺炎疫情的思考

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19,简称“新冠肺炎”）疫情的暴发与流行对人类社会安全造成严重危害,同时也考验着世界各国公共卫生系统应对大型突发性传染病的防控能力.对历史传染病疫情暴发和流行的环境与气候特征进行总结,对于新冠肺炎疫情的科学研究及防控具有重要的参考价值.结果表明:①历史上人际传播的冠状病毒科、正粘病毒科传染病多暴发于北半球亚热带季风气候地区及冬春季节,而黄病毒科传染病多暴发在热带地区及高温多雨的夏秋季节.②全球变暖和极端天气催生影响传染病的暴发及传播.③人类对生态系统平衡的影响,迫使病毒宿主栖息地迁移和不同病毒宿主聚集,增加病毒变异概率和传染病暴发风险.在此基础上,提出了对新冠肺炎疫情的思考,认为适宜的气候因素可能利于疫情的暴发与流行,而热带国家疫情的暴发则说明需要重新审视气候、环境条件及生态因素对新型冠状病毒的影响.研究结果将为新冠肺炎疫情的防控和未来传染病疫情的预测及阻断提供参考和借鉴.      

Zebrafish embryo toxicity of 15 chlorinated, brominated, and iodinated disinfection by-products

Disinfection to protect human health occurs at drinking water and wastewater facilities through application of non-selective oxidants including chlorine. Oxidants also transform organic material and form disinfection by-products (DBPs), many of which are halogenated and cyto- and genotoxic. Only a handful of assays have been used to compare DBP toxicity, and researchers are unsure which DBP(s) drive the increased cancer risk associated with drinking chlorinated water. The most extensive data set employs an in vitro model cell, Chinese hamster ovary cells. Traditionally, most DBP research focuses on the threat to human health, but the effects on aquatic species exposed to DBPs in wastewater effluents remain ill defined. We present the developmental toxicity for 15 DBPs and a chlorinated wastewater to a model aquatic vertebrate, zebrafish. Mono-halogenated DBPs followed the in vivo toxicity rank order: acetamides > acetic acids > acetonitriles ~ nitrosamines, which agrees well with previously published mammalian in vitro data. Di- and tri-halogenated acetonitriles were more toxic than their mono-halogenated analogues, and bromine- and iodine-substituted DBPs tended to be more toxic than chlorinated analogues. No zebrafish development effects were observed after exposure to undiluted or non-concentrated, chlorinated wastewater. We find zebrafish development to be a viable in vivo alternative or confirmatory assay to mammalian in vitro cell assays.     

Disinfection byproducts in chlorinated or brominated swimming pools and spas: Role of brominated DBPs and association with mutagenicity

Although the health benefits of swimming are well-documented, health effects such as asthma and bladder cancer are linked to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in pool water. DBPs are formed from the reaction of disinfectants such as chlorine (Cl) or bromine (Br) with organics in the water. Our previous study (Daiber et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 6652; 2016) found correlations between the concentrations of classes of DBPs and the mutagenic potencies of waters from chlorinated or brominated swimming pools and spas. We extended this study by identifying significantly different concentrations of 21 individual DBPs in brominated or chlorinated pool and spa waters as well as identifying which DBPs and additional DBP classes were most associated with the mutagenicity of these waters. Using data from our previous study, we found that among 21 DBPs analyzed in 21 pool and spa waters, the concentration of bromoacetic acid was significantly higher in Br-waters versus Cl-waters, whereas the concentration of trichloroacetic acid was significantly higher in Cl-waters. Five Br-DBPs (tribromomethane, dibromochloroacetic acid, dibromoacetonitrile, bromoacetic acid, and tribromoacetic acid) had significantly higher concentrations in Br-spa versus Cl-spa waters. Cl-pools had significantly higher concentrations of Cl-DBPs (trichloroacetaldehyde, trichloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, and chloroacetic acid), whereas Br-pools had significantly higher concentrations of Br-DBPs (tribromomethane, dibromoacetic acid, dibromoacetonitrile, and tribromoacetic acid). The concentrations of the sum of all 4 trihalomethanes, all 11 Br-DBPs, and all 5 nitrogen-containing DBPs were each significantly higher in brominated than in chlorinated pools and spas. The 8 Br-DBPs were the only DBPs whose individual concentrations were significantly correlated with the mutagenic potencies of the pool and spa waters. These results, along with those from our earlier study, highlight the importance of Br-DBPs in the mutagenicity of these recreational waters.     

粮食和水中串珠镰刀菌素的脱毒研究

为预防串珠镰刀菌素对人畜健康的危害提供依据,在提出串珠镰刀菌素可能是克山病的主要病因之后,建立了标准加入法定量测定培养物中毒素含量,在串珠镰刀菌素含量为8.8mg/g时回收率为97.7％。研究串珠镰刀菌素的去毒方法,发现漂白粉对水中串珠镰刀菌素脱毒效果明显,每毫克毒素用1.5mg漂白粉中有效氯即可去除;粮食中脱毒采用5％H₂O₂喷淋效果最佳。这些去毒方法不仅成本低、简便、而且无二次污染。