南方典型旅游城市空气微生物粒径分布特征

在南方典型旅游城市杭州选取了4个样点进行了空气微生物取样工作.系统研究了杭州市室外空气微生物粒径分布特征.结果表明,不同样点空气细菌粒子百分比从Ⅰ级到Ⅵ级逐渐减少,总体呈偏态分布.交通干线,文教区,商业区和旅游风景区细菌粒子百分比最高值均出现在Ⅰ级,分别占29.1%,31.8%,33.5%和25.4%,最低值均出现在Ⅵ级,分别占11.7%,11.2%,6.5%和11.1%.不同样点空气真菌主要分布在Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级,总体呈对数正态分布,真菌百分比最高值均出现在Ⅳ级,分别占30.3%,30.2%,31.7%和28.3%,最低值出现在Ⅵ级,分别占5.2%,5.1%,3.3%和4.5%.青霉属,链格孢属,曲霉属和枝孢属优势真菌粒径均呈对数正态分布特征,但取样器各级真菌百分比各不相同.此外,空气细菌中值直径显著大于空气真菌,商业区空气细菌中值直径显著大于其他3个样点,而文教区真菌中值直径显著大于其他3个样点.研究结果进一步说明了城市室内外空气微生物粒径分布特征的不同,为室内外空气微生物污染的预防和控制提供了科学依据.     

空调病房真菌气溶胶浓度及粒径分布特征

医院室内空气真菌污染会影响医护人员、病人及陪护人员的健康,其影响程度不仅与空气真菌的种类和浓度有关,还与真菌气溶胶粒径及分布特征有关,不同粒径的真菌气溶胶影响人体健康的作用机制不同.本研究对重庆某综合医院的普通病房进行空气真菌取样,系统分析了病房空气真菌浓度、种属及粒径分布特征.通过分析实验数据,发现病房空气真菌浓度与病人患病类型及人员密度无关,主要影响因素为温湿度与季节变化.冬夏各科室病房真菌粒径分布特征大致呈正态分布,粒径的百分比从Ⅰ级~Ⅲ级各级所占比例逐渐增大,Ⅲ级~Ⅴ级所占比例总体最大,Ⅴ级~Ⅵ级所占比例逐渐降低.冬夏不同科室病房的空气真菌孢子中值直径没有显著差异,真菌孢子的中值直径小于3.19μm.病房冬夏优势菌属基本相同,主要为青霉属、曲霉属及交链孢霉属,与其它建筑相比并无显著性差异.因此,病房空调系统设计应提高对粒径为1.1~4.7μm真菌孢子的过滤效率,病房的日常卫生维护与空调系统运行管理时应有针对性地选择适宜的抑菌除菌方法和设备.     

北京市夏季空气微生物粒度分布特征

着重研究了夏季空气微生物的粒度分布特征,比较分析了北京市空气微生物粒度分布的变化状况.结果表明:空气细菌、空气真菌和空气放线菌的粒度分布特征各不相同, 并且不随着时间和空间的变化而变化.空气细菌呈偏态分布,大于2.0 μm的粒子约占总数的80.0%,小于1.0 μm的粒子最少,约占9.0%.空气真菌呈对数正态分布,1.0～6.0 μm的粒子约占70.0%,小于1.0 μm的粒子最少,约占5.0%.空气放线菌粒度分布与正态分布恰好相反,大于8.2 μm和小于1.0 μm的粒子约占60.0%;3.0～6.0 μm的粒子最少,约占10.0%.此外不同功能区优势真菌粒度分布规律基本一致.枝孢属(Cladosporium),青霉属(Penicillium)和曲霉属(Aspergillus)粒度主要分布在F3,F4和F5(1.0～6.0 μm)中,约占总数的85.0%,呈对数正态分布.而交链孢属(Alternaria)和无孢菌(nonsporing)主要分布在前4级(>2.0 μm),分别约占总数的90.0%和75.0%,呈偏态分布.在过去10年的城市化进程中,北京市空气微生物粒度分布的基本趋势没有变化,但是空气真菌粒度分布的峰值由原来的3.0～6.0 μm降低到2.0～3.0 μm.     

北京雾霾天大气颗粒物中微生物气溶胶的浓度及粒谱特征

于2013年1月8日~2013年2月4日雾霾频繁暴发期间,使用定量空气微生物采样器和气溶胶粒谱测试仪测试并比较了雾霾天和之后的清朗天气下细菌、真菌气溶胶浓度变化、粒谱分布及不同粒径大小颗粒物的数量浓度差异和粒谱分布特征.结果表明,采样周期内真菌气溶胶小于5μm的粒子(可吸入肺粒子)所占百分比显著高于细菌气溶胶小于5μm的粒子百分比.雾霾过后的晴朗天气下细菌、真菌气溶胶浓度高于雾霾天气时的浓度,而颗粒物浓度则相反.无论雾霾天或晴朗天微生物气溶胶的粒谱分布无显著差别,空气中的颗粒物以PM1.0占绝大多数.     

垃圾填埋场空气真菌群落结构和时空分布特征

为了解垃圾填埋场空气真菌的群落结构和浓度、粒径的时空分布,在北京市某垃圾卫生填埋场填埋区、渗滤液处理区、生活区分别选定监测点,利用安德森六级微生物采样器,对填埋场空气真菌进行了系统的定点取样和分析.结果表明,除无孢菌外,共出现了15属空气真菌.优势菌属依次为枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)、无孢菌群(Non-sporing).填埋区和渗滤液处理区空气真菌浓度约为1 750 CFU.m-3,明显高于生活区(p0.05).2006年4月~2007年1月空气真菌浓度变化曲线呈双峰型,2个高峰分别出现在5月和9~10月,浓度可达5 000 CFU.m-3以上.填埋区4~7月空气真菌09:00~11:00的浓度低于15:00~16:00,在8月~次年1月趋势相反.空气真菌粒子在Ⅲ~Ⅴ级约占总数的75%.填埋区和渗滤液处理区的空气真菌中值直径均为2.9μm,生活区为2.8μm,3个功能区空气真菌的中值直径没有差异(p0.05).     

青岛市不同下垫面微生物气溶胶分布特征

分别在青岛市市区街道、海滨区域、饮用水水源地、城市垃圾填埋场和人工湿地污水处理厂设置监测点,分析比较不同下垫面空气细菌和真菌浓度、日变化和粒径分布. 结果表明:5个下垫面空气细菌浓度依次为城市垃圾填埋场>市区街道>饮用水水源地>海滨区域>人工湿地污水处理厂,真菌浓度依次为城市垃圾填埋场>人工湿地污水处理厂>饮用水水源地>市区街道>海滨区域,其中城市垃圾填埋场空气细菌和真菌浓度最高,分别为(613.1±68.9)、(1300.4±74.3)CFU/m3,其他下垫面空气的细菌和真菌浓度分别在(155.5±14.2)～(596.6±396.4)和(401.9±78.7)～(994.7±63.4)CFU/m3之间. 海滨区域空气细菌浓度下午明显高于上午和中午,其他下垫面表现为上午>下午>中午,但无显著性差异;市区街道、饮用水水源地、人工湿地污水处理厂的空气真菌浓度日变化表现为上午>中午>下午,城市垃圾填埋场则始终升高,除人工湿地污水处理厂和城市垃圾填埋场不同时段间空气真菌浓度有显著性差异外,其余下垫面无显著性差异. 细菌气溶胶粒径分布为F1级(粒径>7.0μm)最高,呈偏态分布;真菌气溶胶粒径呈对数正态分布,除城市垃圾填埋场峰值出现在F3级(3.3~4.7μm)外,其余下垫面均出现在F4级(2.1~3.3μm). 不同下垫面细菌气溶胶中值直径在2.8~4.6μm,存在差异;而不同下垫面空气真菌气溶胶中值直径均在2.0μm左右,无显著性差异.      

北京市传染病院空气微生物粒子浓度及浓度分布

用 ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器观测了北京市传染病院病区室内外空气微生物粒子浓度及浓度分布。结果表明 ,北京市传染病院病区空气微生物粒子浓度室内高于室外 ,室内清洁区高于半污染区和污染区 ,室内春、秋季高于夏、冬季 ,室外秋、冬季高于春、夏季。病区室内空气微生物粒子浓度分布的高峰在第 3级 (3.3～ 4 .7μm)和第 5级 (1.1～ 2 .1μm) ,病区室外空气微生物粒子浓度分布的高峰在第1级 (>7.0μm)和第 5级     

城市污水处理厂生成的微生物气溶胶的污染特性

为探明城市污水厂生成的微生物气溶胶的污染特性,于2011年6～7月利用Andersen六级撞击式采样器对西安市第三污水处理厂不同污水处理单元的微生物气溶胶进行现场采样,利用平皿培养和菌落计数法检测分析了细菌、真菌和放线菌这3类微生物气溶胶的浓度、粒径分布和中值直径.结果表明,污水处理厂污泥脱水车间的细菌和放线菌气溶胶浓度最高,分别为7 866 CFU.m-3±960 CFU.m-3和2 139 CFU.m-3±227 CFU.m-3,而真菌气溶胶浓度最高出现在氧化沟,为2 156 CFU.m-3±119 CFU.m-3.细菌、真菌和放线菌气溶胶粒径分布均呈偏态型,其中细菌和真菌的粒径分布峰值出现在2.1～3.3μm范围,而放线菌气溶胶粒径分布峰值出现在1.1～2.1μm范围.总体上,污水厂中细菌气溶胶中值直径>真菌气溶胶中值直径>放线菌气溶胶中值直径.另外,微生物气溶胶的空间变化特征表现为粒径大的微生物气溶胶浓度减少率大.3类微生物气溶胶浓度减少率的变化程度从大到小依次为细菌>真菌>放线菌.     

南京市校园室内空气微生物特征

为调查南京市学校教室内空气微生物污染状况,本研究各选一所幼儿园、小学、初中和大学,每所学校分别随机选取10间教室,采用六级安德森采样器进行空气微生物采样.研究发现,在南京地区所调研的这4所不同类型的学校中,幼儿园室内空气微生物浓度最高,细菌和真菌浓度均值分别为605CFU/m³和648CFU/m³,均显著高于其余3所学校.室内细菌和真菌粒径分布趋同,峰值均出现在Ⅴ级（1.1~2.1μm）.仅在大学教室内,发现环境参数与空气微生物浓度存在显著相关性.幼儿园教室内学生每天吸入的细菌和真菌剂量分别为150.2CFU/kg和160.9CFU/kg,均显著高于其他学校学生.     

北京市传染病院空气微生物粒子浓度及浓度分布

用ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器观测了北京市传染病院病区室内外空气微生物粒子浓度及浓度分布。结果表明，北京市传染病院病区空气微生物粒子浓度室内高于室外，室内清洁高于半污染区和污染区，室内春，秋季高于夏，冬季，室外秋，冬季高于春，夏季。病区室内空气微生物粒子逍度分布的高峰在第3级（3．3－4．7μm）和第5级（1．1－2．1μm）病区室外空气微生物粒子浓度分布的高峰在第1级（＞7．0μm）和第5级。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.