应用细胞遗传毒理学方法检测环境化学污染物的人群健康效应的研究

本文选择了武汉地区某化工厂氯乙烯接触工人20例(平均工龄5.8年)、苯接触工人14例(平均工龄9.1年)及对照者22例进行外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变率和姐妹染色单体交换频率(SCEs)检查,其中氯乙烯接触者中工龄≤5年者8例。结果表明,以上两种毒物接触者的染色体畸变率及姐妹染色单体交换频率均显著地高于对照组。氯乙烯接触者中工龄≤5年者的总畸变率为13.75%,SCEs为9.18±2.02,分别与对照组6.67%和5.48±1.67比较,差异均有极显著性,但结构畸变率3.88%与对照组2.11%相比,差异无显著性意义。本文认为两种细胞遗传毒理学技术——常规技术和SCEs技术对长期接触氯乙烯和苯的人群的染色体的诱变效应都是明显的,且后者较前者更为灵敏。氯乙烯和苯作为化学诱变剂能诱发人体染色体畸变及SCEs增加,已分别为国内外许多学者所证实,本文对苯和氯乙烯作业接触人群进行了细胞遗传毒理学检测,旨在探讨其细胞遗传毒理学效应的指标及其各指标的敏感性。     

氟化钠和氟乙酰胺对培养赤麂细胞姐妹染色单体互换和染色体畸变的影响

本文采用培养的赤麂细胞对氟化钠和氟乙酰胺进行致突变效应的研究.观察指标是染色体畸变率(％),姐妹染色单体交换率(SCEs)和细胞周期动力学变化.实验结果证明,氟化钠和氟乙酰胺在培养的赤麂细胞上都能引起染色体畸变率增高,促使SCEs增加和延迟细胞周期.因此,本工作实验结果支持了部份文献中氟化物是一种致突变物的结论.     

平阳霉素诱发中国地鼠细胞株染色体畸变和姊妹染色单体交换

本文是用染色体畸变和姊妹染色单体交换(SCE)的方法,检测了广谱抗肿瘤新药,平阳霉素(PYM),诱发哺乳动物细胞染色体畸变的能力,以便确定它的诱变性。 结果表明,PYM显著延长细胞分裂周期,大大提高染色体畸变频率,明显增加SCE的频率。显然,它对动物细胞具有强烈的诱变效果。     

60Coγ射线和平阳霉素诱发蚕豆根尖细胞微核与染色体畸变的剂量效应

蚕豆(Vicia faba)根尖细胞在一些物理或化学因素作用下诱发微核和染色体畸变.鉴此,本文选用~(60)Co γ射线和平阳霉素(Bleomycin A_5)观察它们的微核和染色体畸变效应,以及剂量与效应的关系,并确定两种效应之间的相互关系,从而建立蚕豆根尖细胞微核检测技术,以代替中期细胞染色体     

除草剂异丙莠诱发蚕豆根尖细胞遗传损伤的研究

以蚕豆根尖为材料,研究除草剂异丙莠对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传毒性效应。采用蚕豆根尖微核技术,以不同浓度的异丙莠为诱变剂,测定蚕豆根尖细胞的有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率。结果表明,异丙莠能诱发较高频率的微核率,即在一定浓度范围内,其微核率随异丙莠处理浓度的升高而增加,但随着异丙莠浓度进一步升高而呈下降趋势;异丙莠能降低蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数并诱导染色体产生多种类型的畸变。一定剂量的除草剂异丙莠对蚕豆根尖细胞具有明显的遗传毒性。     

环境医学

所,山西大学生命科学系)//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一2(XX),20(1)一8一12 环图X一58 研究了Sq在体内的衍生物一亚硫酸氢钠和亚硫酸钠对中国仓鼠肺纤维细胞(CHL)细胞染色体畸变(CA)的诱发作用。研究结果表明,Sq的衍生物不论是否有乌混合物的存在情况下,均可诱发CHL细胞的以频率显著增高,且呈明确的剂量一效应关系。这说明呱不需要体内代谢转化的直接的细胞染色体断裂和基因毒性因子。研究亦发现,Sq在低浓度下主要诱发染色单体型畸变,在高浓度下既可引起染色单体型畸变,又可引起染色体型畸变。研究还发现,S仇衍生物处理细胞时间愈…     

镉对洋葱根生长和细胞分裂的影响

研究了不同浓度氯化镉溶液对洋葱根的生长,细胞分裂和染色体形态的影响.结果表明,随Cd~(2+)浓度增加,根的生长速率递减;随处理时间延长,每单位时间的根生长速度递减或停止,根尖细胞有丝分裂指数随Cd~(2+)的浓度增高和处理时间延长而递减.不同浓度Cd~(2+)都能引起染色体畸变,恢复培养后均能恢复生长,染色体畸变率降低     

二氧化硫体内衍生物诱发CHL细胞染色体畸变效应

研究了SO2在体内的衍生物一亚硫酸氢钠和亚硫酸钠对中国仓鼠肺纤维细胞（CHL）细胞染色体畸变（CA）的诱发作用研究结果表明,SO₂的衍生物不论是否有S₉混合物的存在情况下,均可诱发CHL细胞的CA频率显著增高,且呈明确的剂量一效应关系．这说明SO₂不需要体内代谢转化的直接的细胞染色体断裂剂和基因毒性因子研究亦发现,SO₂产低浓度下主要诱发染色单体型畸变,在高浓度下既可引起染色单体型畸变,又可引起染色体型畸变研究还发现,SO₂衍生物处理细胞时间愈长,引起细胞遗传损伤所需的最低浓度就越低．提示：长期接触环境低浓度SO₂污染,有引起接触人群体内细胞遗传物质损伤的潜在危险。     

强烈的环境诱变剂—平阳霉素

本文报道了抗癌新药,平阳霉素(Pingyangmycin简称PYM)诱发染色体畸变的效果。试验结果证明以极低浓度的PYM处理蚕豆幼根,即可引起大量染色体畸变,其诱变频率超过较高浓度的强诱变剂乙烯亚胺(EI)。显然该药应属于强诱变剂。     

孔雀石绿诱发的蚕豆根尖细胞微核及染色体畸变

采用蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验和染色体畸变试验方法,研究孔雀石绿对蚕豆根尖细胞的致畸效应。实验结果表明:孔雀石绿浓度在0.05~2.0 mg/L之间时,蚕豆根尖细胞的微核率和染色体畸变率随着浓度的增加而升高。当达到1.0 mg/L时,微核率和染色体畸变率达到最高水平,随后,均开始下降。在同一浓度下,随着处理时间的不断延长,微核率和染色体畸变率不断增大。微核率在36 h时,达到最高水平,而染色体畸变率在48 h时达到峰值,之后下降。但仍显著高于对照组。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.