城市街区大气流动与汽车尾气扩散的三维数值模拟

道路交通已成为现代城市的主要污染源，利用数学模型预测汽车排放污染物对大气环境的影响成为主要手段。针对一个典型城市街区的大气流动和汽车排放物扩散问题进行三维数值模拟分析，揭示了污染物在不同高度建筑物。不同宽度街道和十字道路所组成的街区峡谷内外的大气流动和污染物迁移扩散特征，同时反映了街道走向的影响。研究表明：由于受街道布局和大气边界层的影响，污染物主要集中在街区峡谷内（特别是近地面附近)难以扩散，易造成局部高浓度污染；由于流场的非均匀性和三维特征，污染物浓度呈现非均匀扩散特性。     

城市小区气象条件与污染扩散精细预报研究

从城市小区气象条件与污染扩散精细预报的科研需求和城市大气环境应急响应的应用需求出发,利用新一代全球/区域同化预报系统、城市小区尺度气象和污染扩散模式以及城市尺度污染扩散模式,对城市小区气象条件与污染扩散进行了精细预报试验,并进一步研究了城市小区尺度气象和污染扩散的精细模拟对城市尺度污染扩散模拟的影响.初步建立了城市小区气象条件与污染扩散精细预报方法,即:气象部分由全球到小区逐级单向嵌套、污染部分由小区到城市逐级单向嵌套的方法.预报试验结果表明,这种方法是合理可行的.小区尺度精细模拟对城市尺度污染扩散模拟的影响较大,但其模拟效果还有待利用观测资料进一步验证.     

珠三角秋季典型气象条件对空气污染过程的影响分析

利用空气质量指数(AQI)、主要大气污染物浓度和气象要素、天气图等数据资料,结合中尺度数值天气预报模式WRF,对2014年10月珠三角地区污染期间的天气形势及气象特征进行了分析.结果表明,WRF模式可以较好地反映珠三角地区主要城市地面和高空气象要素的时空变化,9个城市平均地表的温度、相对湿度和风速的模拟值与观测值的相关系数分别为0.90、0.87和0.78.对2014年10月3次污染过程的分析表明,造成该时段珠三角地区空气污染的天气形势主要是高压底部型和均压场型.静风或小风(2 m·s~(-1))及稳定的大气层结均不利于污染物的扩散,同时由于偏北气流输送周边污染物到珠三角地区,导致污染物浓度不断增加.相对湿度低于65%时,珠三角地区首要污染物以O_3为主;相对湿度高于70%时,PM_(2.5)浓度逐渐增加,成为主要污染物.高温等气象条件会影响光化学反应,加重珠江三角洲的空气污染,表现了该地区大气复合污染的特性.     

复杂地形上流场和浓度场的数值模拟应用于环境空气影响评价

利用数值积分方法求解复杂地形上三维大气热力－－动力学方程组以及扩散方程，模拟复杂地形上的流场和污染物浓度场情况，并与现场污染物和污染气象测试结果比较分析，模式计算结果与观测结果基本相符。将该模式应用于扩建工程环境空气影响评价，使评价结果更趋合理，准确，该模式能够反映复杂地形上不同大气稳定度下的污染物输送，扩散规律，因此可作为解决复杂地形上空气污染物扩散的实用方法。     

城市街区污染散布的数值模拟与风洞实验的比较分析

将专门设计的一项中性层结条件下风洞的污染物浓度测量实验，与已建城市小区尺度模式在相同条件下的污染扩散模拟结果进行了比较分析．分析了该模式流场模拟的有效性．结果表明：总体上，数值模拟与风洞实验结果符合较好；进一步分析发现，数值模拟结果中建筑物背风侧空腔区湍涡的中心比风洞实验结果略高，空腔区的范围比风洞实验所示范围大，建筑物迎风侧位移区比风洞实验所示小．此差异可能是由两者边界条件的不同引起的．     

基于城市冠层模式的成都市静稳天气气象场模拟研究

目前城市气象场数值模拟结果与实际情况有一定误差.本文基于Landsat 8高分辨率遥感数据提取采用局地气候分区（LCZ）的城市下垫面,结合WRF模式自带下垫面分类建立了成都市精细分类下垫面,并利用WRF自带的城市冠层模式,设计了7种方案对成都市静稳天气的气象场进行了模拟分析,并结合实际监测数据对模拟结果进行了评估,对比分析了城市冠层模式和精细分类下垫面对成都市静稳天气带来的影响.研究发现：①精细化分类下垫面结合了USGS下垫面和局地气候分区数据的优势,较为准确的反映了成都的下垫面环境;②精细分类下垫面对建筑物的形态特征进行了描述,加大了地表粗糙度,能够模拟出建筑物对风的阻挡作用以及城市风场不连续、随机性强的特性;③城市冠层模式优化了静稳天气过程中城市风、温度和湿度的模拟结果,多层城市冠层模式的模拟结果优于单层城市冠层模式.因此,在成都市对污染物扩散不利的静稳天气使用多层城市冠层模式并结合精细分类下垫面将大大提高模拟精度,进而提高空气质量预报.     

建筑间距对大气流动及输移特性影响的模拟研究

采用修正的k-ε湍流模型对不同建筑间距情况下的大气流场、污染物浓度场进行模拟研究。模拟研究结果表明,气流遇到建筑物发生绕流,风速为3m/s的气流在建筑物附近的最大抬升速度达到1.98m/s,气流绕过建筑物后湍动能增强,建筑物后污染物的扩散区域变大;建筑物的布局对气流流动和污染物浓度分布有着很大影响,在不同建筑间距情况下,建筑物尾流区的流场形态有着明显的不同,尾流区内污染物的分布也存在差别。研究结果对认识多个建筑物附近的气流和污染物分布有重要意义。     

环境管理强化后南京市2013 — 2016年大气污染物的时空特征和气象影响

城市空气污染具有显著的时空分布特征,并受污染来源、气象条件和地理等因素影响。近年来我国已实施一系列环境污染管控,根据南京市2013?—?2016年国控点的大气环境监测数据和同期气象资料,利用多元统计分析探讨了南京市大气污染物的时空变化特征及其与气象要素的关系。结果表明：近3年南京市的污染物以臭氧（O₃）和颗粒物（PM_2.5、PM₁₀）为主,大气污染物时空分布特征明显。时间上主要表现为季节变化,多数污染物浓度冬高夏低,但臭氧相反;空间上主要为城市功能区差异,工业交通区浓度高于生态公园区和郊区。除了污染源因素,空气污染程度也受气象要素的制约,风速、降水和温度是影响污染物在城市大气中稀释、扩散和转移的重要因子。     

MEIC排放清单在空气质量模式中的应用研究

本文主要研究了清华大学MEIC 2012基准年0.25°×0.25°排放清单应用于WRF-CHEM模式所需的主要处理技术,包括:单位面积污染物排放质量(或物质的量)浓度的计算,经纬度格点浓度到中尺度格点浓度的转换,使用模式地表类型数据对排放清单进行细化处理,各部门小时排放数据的确定以及PM_(2.5)组成成分比例的区域分配等.通过重污染个例的预报和模拟试验分析了清单处理技术的应用效果,结果表明:模式能较好地反映出污染物局地累积和水平输送的变化趋势,但高污染中心的浓度预报值要低于实际观测值,这与气象场的预报偏差有较大关系.清单细化处理技术可以改变模式格点上污染物的模拟浓度,但在不同气象条件下,改变量有所不同,静稳天气下,城市及其周边地区的改变量较大.     

建筑物尾流区气流与污染物扩散的数值计算

采用了细网格非静力能量闭合边界层模式和随机游动模拟方法建立了一套分析建筑物尾流流场和污染物扩散的数值模拟系统．作为应用研究的例子，在对某城市地下交通隧道排废气的风井塔尾流区流场和浓度场进行风洞流体物理实验的基础上，利用所建的模拟系统对风井塔尾流区气流和污染物扩散特征进行研究．结果表明，所建的模拟系统的模拟结果与风洞试验的结果吻合较好，对一些小尺度带有明显湍流不均匀性的流场和局地空气污染物散布的情况有较好的模拟效果和良好的应用前景．     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.