Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.     

上海霾与非霾期间大气颗粒物光学特性垂直分布特征和质量浓度对比研究

采用美国国家航空航天局的云-气溶胶激光雷达红外开拓者卫星搭载的正交极化云-气溶胶激光雷达数据产品,包括消光系数、光学厚度、总后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比,结合地面监测的颗粒物质量浓度,分析上海大气相对湿度小于80%霾发生期间气溶胶光学属性的垂直分布特征和颗粒物质量浓度变化,并与非霾期间进行比较.结果表明:霾期间532 nm和1064 nm消光系数在垂直高度上(海拔:0~10 km)均大于非霾期间,且大多数霾期间颗粒物在整层大气的光学厚度大于非霾期间.在近地面,霾期间大气颗粒物散射能力大于非霾期间.各垂直高度层,霾与非霾期间小粒径和规则气溶胶占主导地位.霾期间近地面大粒径颗粒物在霾期间所占比例大于非霾期间;2.0~4.0 km高度层,霾和非霾期间细颗粒所占比例接近;4.0~10.0 km高度层,霾期间细颗粒气溶胶所占比例大于非霾期间.PM1、PM2.5和PM10质量浓度在霾期间均大于非霾期间,且霾期间细颗粒物所占比例明显增加.颗粒物质量浓度和比值PM1/PM2.5和PM2.5/PM10分别随霾污染程度的加重而升高.冬季颗粒物质量浓度最高,主要来自细颗粒物的贡献;而春季PM10质量浓度高于其它季节.     

Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility < l0 km and RH (relative humidity) < 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA (secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and SOA were 49.8 (± 31.6), 31.4 (± 22.3), 25.8 (± 16.6) and 8.9 (± 4.1) μg/m³, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM₁₀ during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM₁₀ rose to about 27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM₁₀ mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO₂ to SO₄^2 − and NO₂ to NO₃⁻, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.     

城区与县区不同空气质量下碳组分污染特征对比分析

为对比城区与相邻县区不同空气质量下的碳组分污染特征,分别在成都市和仁寿县采集霾期及非霾期PM_(2.5)有效样品共计88个,确定其相应质量和各碳组分浓度[有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和二次有机碳(SOC)等],并进行各碳组分之间的相关性及主成分分析.结果表明,不同空气质量下的城区污染物浓度均高于县区.OC和EC密切相关,非霾期的相关性系数较霾期大.与城区相比,霾期县区的SOC/PM_(2.5)较大,说明其受二次有机物污染更为明显;但城区非霾期二次气溶胶占比明显高于霾期,表明霾期的一次排放是城区大气污染的主要原因.燃煤、机动车排放和生物质燃烧均是两个区域PM_(2.5)的主要来源.     

霾天气南京市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子污染特征

为了讨论南京市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)及水溶性组分在霾天气下的污染水平和污染特征,2007年6月10日至2008年5月29日对南京市大气细粒子PM2.5进行了采样,用PM2.5在线监测浓度、离子色谱法等分别测得PM2.5的质量浓度、水溶性离子组成,初步研究了南京市大气细粒子(PM2.5)及水溶性组分在霾天气下的污染水平和污染特征。结果表明,南京市大气细颗粒物污染严重,霾天气下PM2.5中总水溶性离子质量浓度为54.28μg/m3,为非霾天气的1.6倍。分析的6种离子中SO42-、NO3-、NH4+是PM2.5的主要组成成分。灰霾期间PM2.5与NO3-、SO42-、NH4+的相关性较高,PM2.5中颗粒物的主要存在形式可能为NH4Cl、NH4NO3,(NH)42SO4或NH4HSO4。对比不同季节不同天气下的SOR(SO2转化率)和NOR(NOx转化率),发现霾天气下SO2和NOX转化率高于正常天气,表明SO2、NO2在霾天气更容易转化为二次粒子。     

Chemical characteristics of size-resolved aerosols in winter in Beijing

Size-resolved aerosols were continuously collected by a Nano Sampler for 13 days at an urban site in Beijing during winter 2012 to measure the chemical composition of ambient aerosol particles. Data collected by the Nano Sampler and an ACSM(Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor) were compared. Between the data sets,similar trends and strong correlations were observed,demonstrating the validity of the Nano Sampler. PM10 and PM2.5concentrations during the measurement were 150.5 ± 96.0 μg/m3(mean ± standard variation)and 106.9 ± 71.6 μg/m3,respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio was 0.70 ± 0.10,indicating that PM2.5dominated PM10. The aerosol size distributions showed that three size bins of 0.5–1,1–2.5 and 2.5–10 μm contributed 21.8%,23.3% and 26.0% to the total mass concentration(TMC),respectively. OM(organic matter) and SIA(secondary ionic aerosol,mainly SO42-,NO3-and NH4+) were major components of PM2.5. Secondary compounds(SIA and secondary organic carbon) accounted for half of TMC(about 49.8%) in PM2.5,and suggested that secondary aerosols significantly contributed to the serious particulate matter pollution observed in winter. Coal burning,biomass combustion,vehicle emissions and SIA were found to be the main sources of PM2.5. Mass concentrations of water-soluble ions and undetected materials,as well as their fractions in TMC,strikingly increased with deteriorating particle pollution conditions,while OM and EC(elemental carbon) exhibited different variations,with mass concentrations slightly increasing but fractions in TMC decreasing.     

北京雾霾天大气颗粒物中微生物气溶胶的浓度及粒谱特征

于2013年1月8日~2013年2月4日雾霾频繁暴发期间,使用定量空气微生物采样器和气溶胶粒谱测试仪测试并比较了雾霾天和之后的清朗天气下细菌、真菌气溶胶浓度变化、粒谱分布及不同粒径大小颗粒物的数量浓度差异和粒谱分布特征.结果表明,采样周期内真菌气溶胶小于5μm的粒子(可吸入肺粒子)所占百分比显著高于细菌气溶胶小于5μm的粒子百分比.雾霾过后的晴朗天气下细菌、真菌气溶胶浓度高于雾霾天气时的浓度,而颗粒物浓度则相反.无论雾霾天或晴朗天微生物气溶胶的粒谱分布无显著差别,空气中的颗粒物以PM1.0占绝大多数.     

北京市海坨山冬季不同污染过程下气溶胶化学组分及其潜在来源分析

为了探讨京津冀地区冬季背景大气中气溶胶化学组分特征及其来源分布,使用GRIMM 180、单颗粒黑碳光度计（SP2）和高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪（HR-TOF-AMS）观测了海坨山2020年12月28日至2021年2月3日PM和化学组分,结合气象数据和HYSPLIT模式,计算了潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）,分析了不同污染过程下PM和气溶胶化学组分的时间演变特征及其潜在来源.结果表明,海坨山冬季沙尘过程主要影响PM₁₀和PM_2.5,对PM₁的影响较小;而霾污染正好相反,主要影响PM₁.化学组分在干净天和霾污染中占PM₁的比例分别为85.0%和73.4%,而在沙尘天仅占PM₁的47.4%.霾污染过程中NO^-₃的质量浓度最大,占PM₁的25.2%;在干净天和沙尘天黑碳（BC）的质量浓度最大,占PM₁的24.1%和12.8%. BC气溶胶的中值直径在干净天...     

Physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of nanoparticles in aerosols in southern Thailand during recent haze episodes in lower southeast Asia

Transboundary haze from biomass burning is one of the most important air pollutions in Southeast Asia. The most recent serious haze episode occurred in 2015. Southern Thailand was affected by the haze during September to October when the particulate matter concentration hit a record high. We investigated physical and chemical characteristics of aerosols, including concentration and aerosol size distribution down to sub-micron sizes during haze episodes in 2013 and 2015 and, for reference, an insignificant haze period in 2017. The highest total suspended particulates and PM₁₀ levels in Hat Yai city were 340.1 and 322.5 µg/m³. The mass fractions were nanoparticles (< 100 nm) 3.1%-14.8% and fine particles (< 1 µm) 54.6%-59.1%. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon size distributions in haze periods peaked at 0.75 µm and the concentrations are 2-30 times higher than the normal period. High molecular weight (4-6 ring) PAHs during the haze episode contribute to about 56.7%-88.0% for nanoparticles. The average values of benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency quotient were 3.34±2.54ng/m³ in the 2015 haze period but only 0.89±0.17 ng/m³ in 2017. It is clear that particles smaller than 1 µm, were highly toxic. Nanoparticles contributed 19.4%-26.0% of total BaP-TEQ, whereas the mass fraction is 13.1%-14.8%. Thus the nanoparticles were more carcinogenic and can cause greater health effect than larger particles. The fraction of BaP-TEQ for nanoparticles during 2017 non-haze period was nearly the same, while the mass fraction was lower. This indicates that nanoparticles are the significant source of carcinogenic aerosols both during haze and non-haze periods.     

深圳市城区大气颗粒物及主要水溶性无机离子的污染特征

基于2015年深圳市大气颗粒物和主要水溶性无机离子的观测数据,深入分析了大气颗粒物的浓度变化及二次污染特征.结果表明2015年深圳的大气颗粒物（PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM₁）浓度虽然低,但其中细粒子占比高,PM_2.5/PM₁₀的比值高达0.744,甚至大于广州典型灰霾过程中的粗细粒子比.大气颗粒物浓度季节变化明显,秋冬高,春夏低.其日变化特征明显受到交通高峰的影响,汽车尾气可能是污染来源之一.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺（SNA）质量浓度在PM_2.5中的占比超过1/3（37.7%）,且全年硫转化率都大于0.1,这说明深圳市细颗粒物主要来自于二次转化.深圳大气颗粒物浓度受气象要素影响显著,与气压正相关,与气温、相对湿度、降水及风速负相关;若将风速、气温、气压、相对湿度和降水作为一个整体考虑,这些气象要素对深圳大气颗粒物浓度的影响大小是PM₁ > PM₁₀ > PM_2.5.本工作不仅对深圳的大气环境管理和经济可持续发展有着重要参考价值,还对空气相对清洁地区的大气颗粒物和霾治理具有指导意义.     

Chemical and optical properties of aerosols and their interrelationship in winter in the megacity Shanghai of China

A field campaign on air quality was carried out in Shanghai in winter of 2012. The concentrations of NO, NO₂, NO_x, SO₂, CO, and PM_2.5 increased during haze formation. The average masses of SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ were 10.3, 11.7 and 6.7 μg/m³ during the haze episodes, which exceeded the average (9.2, 7.9, and 3.4 μg/m³) of these components in the non-haze days. The mean values for the aerosol scattering coefficient (b_sp), aerosol absorption coefficient (b_ap) and single scattering albedo (SSA) were 288.7, 27.7 and 0.91 Mm^-1, respectively. A bi-peak distribution was observed for the mass concentrations of CO, NO, NO₂, and NO_x. More sulfate was produced during daytime than that in the evening due to photochemical reactions. The mass concentration of NH₄⁺ achieved a small peak at noontime. NO₃^- showed lower concentrations in the afternoon and higher concentrations in the early morning. There were obvious bi-peak diurnal patterns for bsp and bap as well as SSA. bsp and bap showed a positive correlation with PM_2.5 mass concentration. (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, organic mass, elemental carbon and coarse mass accounted for 21.7%, 19.3%, 31.0%, 9.3% and 12.3% of the total extinction coefficient during non-haze days, and 25.6%, 24.3%, 30.1%, 8.1% and 8.2% during hazy days. Organic matter was the largest contributor to light extinction. The contribution proportions of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate to light extinction were significantly higher during the hazy time than during the non-haze days.     

Chemical compositions of PM2.5 aerosol during haze periods in the mountainous city of Yong''an, China

Haze phenomena were found to have an increasing tendency in recent years in Yong'an, a mountainous industrial city located in the center part of Fujian Province, China. Atmospheric fine particles (PM_2.5) in the urban area during haze periods in three seasons (spring, autumn and winter) from 2007 to 2008 were collected, and the mass concentrations and chemical compositions (seventeen elements, water soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and carbonaceous species) of PM_2.5 were determined. PM_2.5 mass concentrations did not show a distinct difference among the three seasons. The carbonaceous species organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) constituted up to 19.2%-30.4% of the PM_2.5 mass during sampling periods, while WSIIs made up 25.3%-52.5% of the PM_2.5 mass. The major ions in PM_2.5 were SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺, while the major elements were Si, K, Pb, Zn, Ca and Al. The experimental results (from data based on three haze periods with a 10-day sampling length for each period) showed that the crustal element species was the most abundant component of PM_2.5 in spring, and the secondary ions species (SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, etc.) was the most abundant component in PM_2.5 in autumn and winter. This indicated that dust was the primary pollution source for PM_2.5 in spring and combustion and traffic emissions could be the main pollution sources for PM_2.5 in autumn and winter. Generally, coal combustion and traffic emissions were considered to be the most prominent pollution sources for this city on haze days.     

沈阳及周边城市大气细粒子的分布特征及其对空气质量的影响

利用沈阳、鞍山、抚顺和本溪4城市2007-2009年大气细粒子PM2.5及大气污染物PM10SO2、NO2的观测资料,分析了4城市大气细粒子的分布特征及其与空气质量的关系.结果表明:4城市大气细粒子PM2.5污染很重,年均浓度平均值超过美国大气细粒子PM2.5年均浓度标准4倍左右;4城市PM10、SO2的年均浓度呈下降...     

Evolutionary processes and sources of high-nitrate haze episodes over Beijing, Spring

Rare and consecutive high-nitrate haze pollution episodes were observed in Beijing in spring2012. We present detailed characterization of the sources and evolutionary mechanisms of this haze pollution, and focus on an episode that occurred between 15 and 26 April. Submicron aerosol species were found to be substantially elevated during haze episodes, and nitrates showed the largest increase and occupation(average: 32.2%) in non-refractory submicron particles(NR-PM_1), which did not occur in other seasons as previously reported. The haze episode(HE) was divided into three sub-episodes, HEa, HEb, and HEc. During HEa and HEc, a shallow boundary layer, stagnant meteorological conditions, and high humidity favored the formation of high-nitrate concentrations, which were mainly produced by three different processes —daytime photochemical production, gas-particle partitioning, and nighttime heterogeneous reactions — and the decline in visibility was mainly induced by NR-PM_1.However, unlike HEa and HEc, during HEb, the contribution of high nitrates was partly from the transport of haze from the southeast of Beijing — the transport pathway was observed at ~800–1000 m by aerosol Lidar —and the decline in visibility during HEb was primarily caused by PM_(2.5). Our results provide useful information for air quality improvement strategies in Beijing during Spring.     

Local PM10 and PM2.5 emission inventories from agricultural tillage and harvest in northeastern China

Mineral particles or particulate matters(PMs) emitted during agricultural activities are major recurring sources of atmospheric aerosol loading.However,precise PM inventory from agricultural tillage and harvest in agricultural regions is challenged by infrequent local emission factor(EF) measurements.To understand PM emissions from these practices in northeastern China,we measured EFs of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) from three field operations(i.e.,tilling,planting and harvesting) in major crop production(i.e.,corn and soybean),using portable real-time PM analyzers and weather station data.County-level PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from agricultural tillage and harvest were estimated,based on local EFs,crop areas and crop calendars.The EFs averaged(107 ± 27),(17 ± 5) and 26 mg/m~2 for field tilling,planting and harvesting under relatively dry conditions(i.e.,soil moisture 15%),respectively.The EFs of PM from field tillage and planting operations were negatively affected by topsoil moisture.The magnitude of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from these three activities were estimated to be 35.1 and 9.8 kilotons/yr in northeastern China,respectively,of which Heilongjiang Province accounted for approximately45%.Spatiotemporal distribution showed that most PM_(10) emission occurred in April,May and October and were concentrated in the central regions of the northeastern plain,which is dominated by dryland crops.Further work is needed to estimate the contribution of agricultural dust emissions to regional air quality in northeastern China.     

西安市秋冬季不同空气质量下可培养微生物气溶胶浓度和粒径分布

利用Anderson空气微生物采样器对西安市2014年9月~2015年1月间可培养微生物气溶胶进行采样、培养,分析不同空气质量下其浓度与粒径变化特征,并对其与颗粒污染物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))、气象参数(温度、相对湿度)和其它气态污染物(NO_2、SO_2、O_3)进行主成分+多元线性回归分析.结果显示,可培养细菌和真菌气溶胶浓度范围分别为97~1 909CFU·m~(-3),92~1 737 CFU·m~(-3).随空气污染程度加深,两种微生物气溶胶浓度均呈现增加趋势;细菌气溶胶粒径分布向粗颗粒偏移;而真菌气溶胶在低污染时呈正态分布,高污染时粒径峰值向细颗粒偏移.主成分分析结果显示,可培养微生物气溶胶主要与灰霾、太阳辐射和相对湿度有关.多元线性回归结果表明,细菌气溶胶与灰霾呈显著正相关(P0.05),与太阳辐射呈不显著负相关,与湿度呈不显著正相关;真菌气溶胶与灰霾、太阳辐射和相对湿度均呈不显著正相关.研究结果可以为评估微生物气溶胶所引起的环境与健康效应提供基础数据.     

中山市旱季霾特征及数值模拟分析

利用观测数据、Hysplit后向轨迹模式以及WRF-CMAQ模式对中山市旱季霾特征进行模拟分析.中山市霾污染的天气形势以大陆高压型为主.当相对湿度在71%~90%时,气溶胶浓度和能见度的负相关性最显著,且当能见度减小到5 km以下时,PM_(2.5)浓度的大幅减小才能使能见度略有好转.最有可能引起中山发生霾天气的两条污染带,一条是沿中山至湖南南部,另一条是沿中山到粤东地区.WRF-CMAQ模式能较好地模拟出2014年1月份中山PM_(2.5)浓度、能见度的变化趋势以及广东省区域内灰霾的污染过程.在气溶胶质量权重及消光贡献中,硫酸盐的比重最高,在高相对湿度下,二次气溶胶的消光权重超过80%.通过中山PM_(2.5)过程分析发现,在霾过程,无冷空气时PM_(2.5)主要来自气溶胶反应、排放源和水平平流,贡献率分别为35%、15%和10%,有冷空气时水平平流的贡献最大,达37%;在清洁过程,无冷空气时气溶胶主要靠水平平流和干沉降清除,贡献率分别为-39%和-14%,有冷空气时清除以水平平流和垂直对流、扩散为主,贡献率分别为-29%和-25%,说明不同天气条件下霾的污染和清洁机制有着明显差别.     

广州干湿季典型灰霾过程水溶性离子成分对比分析

利用广州气象台2011年地面逐时能见度和相对湿度数据,以及广州番禺南村大气成分站2011年逐时Marga数据、PM数据,对比分析了一次湿季(4—9月)灰霾过程和干季(10月—次年3月)灰霾过程的污染特征.研究表明,相对干季灰霾过程,湿季灰霾过程颗粒物浓度较低,且细粒子所占比例较高;由于湿季较干季光化学反应较为活跃及可能受气象因素的不同影响,导致干湿季灰霾过程颗粒物浓度的总体变化趋势相反;湿季灰霾过程二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+和NO_3~-)占PM_(2.5)质量百分比的76%,是PM_(2.5)的主要成分;干季灰霾过程二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+和NO_3~-)仅占PM_(2.5)质量百分比的34%;湿季硫氧化率(Sulfur Oxidation Ratio,SOR)、氮氧化率(Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio,NOR)值大于干季,说明二次离子对湿季灰霾的贡献比干季要大;湿季灰霾过程中气溶胶酸性比干季弱.根据相关性分析结果可知,湿季灰霾过程中,NH_4~+主要与SO_4~(2-)结合,Na+主要与Cl-及NO_3~-结合,K+主要与Cl-和NO_3~-结合,极少部分与SO_4~(2-)结合;而在干季灰霾过程中,NH_4~+除了与SO_4~(2-)结合之外,还以NH_4NO_3和NH_4Cl的形式存在,K~+主要与Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)结合,Na+主要与Cl~-及SO_4~(2-)结合.     

Ionic composition of submicron particles (PM1.0) during the long-lasting haze period in January 2013 in Wuhan, central China

In January 2013, a long-lasting severe haze episode occurred in Northern and Central China; at its maximum, it covered a land area of approximately 1.4 million km². In Wuhan, the largest city in Central China, this event was the most severe haze episode in the 21st century. Aerosol samples of submicron particles (PM_1.0) were collected during the long-lasting haze episode at an urban site and a suburban site in Wuhan to investigate the ion characteristics of PM_1.0 in this area. The mass concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were almost at the same levels at two sites, which indicates that PM_1.0 pollution occurs on a regional scale in Wuhan. WSIIs (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-) were the dominant chemical species and constituted up to 48.4% and 47.4% of PM_1.0 at WD and TH, respectively. The concentrations of PM_1.0 and WSIIs on haze days were approximately two times higher than on normal days. The ion balance calculations indicate that the particles were more acidic on haze days than on normal days. The results of the back trajectory analysis imply that the high concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions may be caused by stagnant weather conditions in Wuhan.     

2013年1月宁波市PM_(2.5)污染的形成过程与传输规律

为了深入认识宁波市冬季细颗粒物(PM2.5)的污染特征和主要影响因素的作用规律,利用Models-3/CMAQ模式系统对2013年1月宁波市的PM2.5污染形成过程进行了模拟分析.结果表明,宁波市PM2.5的重点污染区主要分布在市区、北部地区及东部沿海,除了受到局地污染源排放的影响外,对比非污染的情况,大气输入和气溶胶生成作用的增强是引起PM2.5污染的主导因素,其中水平传输过程对PM2.5浓度升高的贡献最为突出.气溶胶过程的贡献在近地面(0~80 m)最显著,随着高度升高而逐渐减弱.硝酸盐在局地二次生产的细颗粒物中占主要份额(~70%).对于硫酸盐,局地二次生成所占的比例很低,主要来自宁波局地排放和宁波以外地区的大气传输(贡献比例分别为44%和40%).宁波市的PM2.5污染主要受到来自北向沿岸气团(占比54%)、西北向大陆气团(占比21%)和西向局地气团(占比25%)的传输影响.在西北方向短距离区域传输的作用下PM2.5浓度最高;在我国中东部大范围灰霾天气的影响下,西北向和北向的长距离传输作用也会导致宁波地区的PM2.5污染.