高职高专教育环境下的大学语文课程研究

在高职高专教育环境下，大学语文课程的日益边缘化已经成为不争的事实。大学语文重不重要这一问题，原则性的答案和事实上的回答截然对立。2004年3月，内地及港澳台学者在“大学语文教学研讨会”上达成共识，他们认为：“只要不把大学办成技校，只要大学还是大学，大学语文的作用就不容忽视。”因而，现在的主要问题不是论证大学语文多么重要，而是要研究教学效果的达成。本文将通过对大学语文课程的性质定位、教学内容、教学方法和考核方式进行分析和研究，进而论证大学语文对高职学生素质和能力培养的积极意义。     

谈高职院校大学语文的“边缘化”

语文教学在中小学阶段一直是教育教学的重点学科,而到了大学阶段,尤其是高职院校,没有考试的压力,语文教学就渐渐被"边缘化"了。本文将对高职院校大学语文的"边缘化"现状及其原因进行分析,并对改变高等职院校大学语文课程"边缘化"问题的策略进行探究。     

国外的大学绿色教育

１９９９ 年５ 月２６ ～２８ 日在清华大学召开了“大学绿色教育国际学术研讨会”，国家环保总局、教育部主管领导到会并做报告，国内外３０ 多所大学的代表出席会议。会议中，美国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚的代表与中国清华大学、南开大学、上海交大、北京师范大学等就“营造课程中的环境文化”、“绿色大学课程体系”、“大学绿色教育问题”等进行了交流和研讨。本文作者根据研讨会资料主要整理、报道了国外的大学绿色教育情况，以飨读者。     

首届“大学环境类课程报告论坛”在长沙召开

由全国高等学校教学研究中心、全国高等学校教学研究会、教育部高等学校环境科学与工程教学指导委员会、高等教育出版社主办,湖南大学承办的首届“大学环境类课程报告论坛”于2006年11月25-26日在长沙湖南宾馆召开。教育部周远清副部长,钱易院士、唐孝炎院士、郝吉明院士,国家环保总局刘友宾司长,高等教育出版社党委书记刘燕,湖南大学党委书记刘克利,以及全国高校环境领域的知名专家、学者、教师约500人出席了本届论坛。首届“大学环境类课程报告论坛”的主题是“环境学科的发展与大学环境类课程教学改革”,主要议题有“环境学科的发展与我…     

大学英语泛读教学探析

泛读在大学英语教学中对辅助精读课程起着重要作用。学生提高泛读能力对于其学习英语来说是非常有帮助的。但是,学生对泛读课程普遍都表现出兴趣不高。教师要结合自己的教学实践,引导学生解决泛读中词汇问题,合理运用泛读技巧,提高泛读能力。     

利用再生玻璃制高质量玻璃瓶

澳大利亚维多利亚技术大学学生戴维·佩恩对再生玻璃（供回炉的碎玻璃）进行了研究。据称，这项研究将给环境和玻璃制造业带来巨大好处。佩恩是从澳大利亚的一所开设应用科学（包装技术）硕士课程的大学毕业的第一位毕业生。佩恩说：“对玻璃制造业来说，再循环利用已成为一个十分重要的问题。各公司日益感到玻璃的紧缺。我发现，在玻璃瓶制造过程中，当再生玻璃的刮用数量增加时，由于玻璃化学成分分布不均匀而引起的缺陷也随之增加．也就是说，当玻璃瓶制成时，会出现微小的裂缝。”’佩恩在试验中通过改变3巧ml啤酒瓶所用玻璃的化学成分…     

中国本土大学先修课程:三个关键问题

高中段教育在基础教育和高等教育之间起着一种承前启后、衔下接上的作用,发挥着一种承转与过渡功能。在高中校开设大学先修课程具有重要的价值与意义。中国本土大学先修课程的开设,面临着包括师资力量、学分认定与转换以及如何处理与高校招生尤其是高考关系的多重问题。实施远程教育以及借助某种统考的方式进行课程评价,是开设本土大学先修课程可尝试的举措与发展方向。     

农业院校环境工程学课程教学改革初探

近几年,各高等院校环境类专业发展迅速,因此环境工程课程成为各校环境专业的主干课程,根据各校特色和实际情况改革传统环境工程学课程教学内容成为环境教育的一个关键问题。针对农业特色在农业院校环境工程学教学内容中的地位和重要作用,对农业院校环境工程学教学过程中存在的问题进行了分析,并对青岛农业大学近几年在环境类专业培养方案调整、课程教学大纲内容、教学手段、教学方法和实践训练方面积累的经验和今后发展方向进行了初步研究探讨。     

高等职业院校《大学语文》教学改革探究

高职院校《大学语文》是一门面向高职院校学生开设的必修基础课程,其目的是培养学生汉语言方面的阅读、欣赏、理解和表达能力。然而,根据近年来高职大学生在实践中对各种应用文写作能力的欠缺情况看,显然没有达到综合效应的预期目标。因此,《大学语文》的教学需要从技术角度出发,运用具有广泛迁移价值的通用技术的"技术设计"方法去改进。本文从内容创新和方法创新两个方面阐述了高职《大学语文》的具体改革措施。     

探究性教学在大学语文课程中的运用——以讲授苏轼《水调歌头》一课为例

《大学语文》作为高职高专的一门公共基础课,因其丰富的人文内蕴、情感价值和审美趣味而承担了进一步提高大学生人文素质、增进文化修养的功能,从而培养大学生具有深厚人文精神的理想人格。在《大学语文》教学活动中开展探究性教学,既是教育改革全面实施素质教育的客观要求,也是大学生自我提升的内在需要。以讲授苏轼的《水调歌头·明月几时有》一课为例,阐述如何在高职高专《大学语文》课程的教学活动中引导和组织学生开展探究性教学。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.