杜氏藻（Dunaliella sp．）多糖DPS-1的提取分离纯化和糖基组成分析

以实验室培养的新鲜的杜氏藻为原料,采用冻结-融化冷水提取、乙醇沉淀,Sephadex G-100柱层析等一系列步骤,分离纯化得到杜氏藻多糖,简称DPS-1.醋酸纤维素薄膜电泳和Sephadex G-50柱层析对DPS-1进行纯度鉴定,结果表明该糖组分均一.IR、UV等理化性质测定及HPAEC-PAD分析,结果表明该糖含有硫酸根,糖环为吡喃环.组成DPS-1的糖基有:D-岩藻糖、D-鼠李糖、2-D-氨基葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、D-葡萄糖和两种未知单糖.其摩尔比为 D-岩藻糖:D-鼠李糖:2-D-氨基葡萄糖:D-半乳糖:D-葡萄糖=2.1: 1: 1.6: 2.3: 4.2.另外还检出了两种已知糖醛酸,分别是半乳糖醛酸和葡萄糖醛酸.其摩尔比为 半乳糖醛酸:葡萄糖醛酸=1:3.4.     

螺旋藻多糖的提取分离纯化及结构初步研究

离心收集处于生长平衡后期的螺旋藻(Spirulinamaxima),通过渗透冲击协同冻融细胞破碎、冷水提取,TCA除蛋白、乙醇沉淀得到粗多糖。用SephadexG 50凝胶层析分离纯化,得到一种水溶性螺旋藻多糖。利用醋酸纤维薄膜电泳和SephadexG 100凝胶检验螺旋藻多糖纯度,证明该糖组分均一。根据红外光谱,元素分析的结果对该糖结构进行初步研究。     

甲烷丝菌混养促进螺旋藻自发酵产氢

采用只消耗乙酸盐而不消耗氢气的甲烷丝菌与螺旋藻混合培养,以提高螺旋藻利用自身多糖在自身氢酶作用下暗发酵产氢量.通过培养基调控提高了螺旋藻生长富集的总糖产量,当Na Cl浓度由239 mmol·L~(-1)增加到739 mmol·L~(-1),螺旋藻总糖产量提高了107.7%,达到0.54g·L~(-1).螺旋藻在黑暗厌氧条件下加入甲烷丝菌混养后的自发酵产氢量提高了33.8%,达到43.8 m L·g-1;液相主要代谢产物乙酸盐则提高了69.2%,达到1639.1μmol·g-1.同时,螺旋藻加入甲烷丝菌混养后自发酵过程的能量转换效率由6.7%提高到11.6%.甲烷丝菌通过消耗乙酸盐促进了螺旋藻自发酵产氢的乙酸途径反应正向进行,从而提高了氢气产量和能量转换效率.     

高强度Te(IV)胁迫对极大螺旋藻生理生化性质的影响

对极大螺旋藻(Spirulina maxima)在接种后第3～5 d分3次添加Na2TeO3,4个Te胁迫组的累计加Te量分别为650、750、850和950 mg/L.结果表明:4个Te胁迫组螺旋藻的最终生物量、水溶性蛋白、藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白的含量均低于对照组,且随Te胁迫强度增加而逐渐减少;而SOD的比活力均高于对照组,但随Te胁迫强度增加也呈逐渐减少趋势;Te(IV)胁迫没有改变螺旋藻中脂溶性色素的组成,但各色素的含量也随Te胁迫强度增加而下降;胞外多糖含量随Te胁迫强度增加而增加,但950 mg/L实验组(第9 dxTe(IV)为2.21),胞外多糖的含量反而下降.     

亩强度Te（Ⅳ）胁迫对极大螺旋藻生理生化性质的影响

对极大螺旋藻（Spirulina maxima）在接种后第3～5d分3次添加Na2TeO3，4个Te胁迫组的累计加Te量分别为650、750、850和950mg／L。结果表明：4个Te胁迫组螺旋藻的最终生物量、水溶性蛋白、藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白的含量均低于对照组，且随Te胁迫强度增加而逐渐减少；而SOD的比活力均高于对照组，但随Te胁迫强度增加也呈逐渐减少趋势；Te（Ⅳ）胁迫没有改变螺旋藻中脂溶性色素的组成，但各色素的含量也随Te胁迫强度增加而下降；胞外多糖含量随Te胁迫强度增加而增加，但950mg／L实验组（第9dxTe（Ⅳ）为2．21），胞外多糖的含量反而下降。     

信息

3月中旬,云南省永胜县程海螺旋藻废水治理工程正式启动。程海湖属封闭式的陆湖,是全球3个产螺旋藻的湖泊之一。现已成为我国重要的螺旋藻生产基地,建成4家养殖厂,有螺旋藻养殖池46万平方米,年产干藻粉600吨,年排放废水133.8万立方米,若不治理这些废水,将造成程海水污染,并最终影响螺旋藻生产。为此,永胜县制订了废水治理方案,在政府的统一领导、协调下、由4个企业共同筹资,联合治理。目前,政府及4个企业已组成了“废水治理工程指挥部”,筹集启动资金10多万元。具体治理办法是:各厂自建废水调     

硅藻类粗多糖生物剂的制备及其对Cd2+的吸附性能

为了考察粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附性能,采用不同方法（稀酸法、稀碱法及超声-冻融-加热法）由海洋硅藻提取粗多糖,并进一步揭示硅藻粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附潜力.通过对比不同方法下粗多糖的组分质量分数（总糖、蛋白质和硫酸基）及其对Cd2+的吸附量,筛选出优质的粗多糖吸附材料,利用FTIR（傅里叶变换红外光谱）和SEM（扫描电镜）浅析粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附机制,采用吸附动力学和吸附等温模型详细探讨其对Cd2+的吸附特性.结果表明:①超声-冻融-加热法比稀酸法、稀碱法所提取的粗多糖的总糖质量分数高,分别为31.39%（480 nm）、26.74%（490 nm）;蛋白质杂质质量分数为7.09%,硫酸基质量分数为2.86%.②硅藻类细胞壁具有微孔结构,主要是由硅藻壳、多糖、蛋白质和脂肪组成,提取出的粗多糖表面均含有氨基、酰胺基、羰基、羟基等官能团,为其吸附重金属离子提供可能性.③超声-冻融-加热法在3倍体积乙醇沉淀时提取的粗多糖对Cd2+吸附量最大,为353.12 mg/g;该粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附更符合伪二级动力学模型,表明吸附过程有化学吸附参与;相比于Freundlich等温吸附模型,吸附数据更符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,表明该粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附主要为单层吸附.研究显示,利用超声-冻融-加热法提取出的硅藻粗多糖对Cd2+的吸附量为353.12 mg/g,是一种很有应用潜力的生物吸附材料.      

环境生物学

X17 X703 9900051酚类化合物的生物吸附特征与其结构关系/陈勇生…(南开大学环境科学系)//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一1998,18(3)一248一251 环信X一58 选用经处理过的盐泽螺旋藻为吸附剂,研究其对10种酚类化合物的吸附行为,结果表明:盐泽螺旋藻对苯酚、邻苯二酚、对苯二酚、邻氨基酚、对氯酸和2,4一二氯酚6种酚均有不同程度的吸附,用Freundlieh和Langmui:吸附等温方程描述时,均呈现良好的线性关系;该6种酚的吸附常数k的对数值与其分子连接性指数(ZX”)呈良好的线性关系;盐泽螺旋藻对其余4种酚(邻甲酚、间轻基酚、间氨基酚、间乙酞…     

碱法提取的混合海洋硅藻粗多糖对铅离子的吸附特性研究

采用浓碱法(40 mg·mL~(-1)NaOH)辅助冻融、加热方法提取混合海洋硅藻粗多糖,通过比较粗多糖得率、总糖、蛋白质及硫酸基含量筛选提取方法,并利用最佳方法提取的粗多糖作为生物吸附剂对Pb~(2+)进行吸附.提取实验结果表明,最优的提取方法为浓碱(40 mg·mL~(-1)NaOH)-冻融法,其粗多糖得率为33.14%,总糖含量为31.65%(480 nm)和27.27%(490 nm),蛋白质含量为6.44%、硫酸基含量为3.23%.吸附结果表明,该粗多糖对Pb~(2+)的吸附在2 h左右达到平衡,在180 r·min-1、25℃、pH=4~6时吸附效果最佳;在初始浓度为600 mg·L-1混合重金属溶液条件下,粗多糖对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)的吸附容量大小顺序为:Ni~(2+)Cu~(2+)Cd~(2+)Pb~(2+)(以物质的量浓度为单位进行评价);粗多糖中含有的小分子糖类杂质对Pb~(2+)吸附的贡献远远大于蛋白质杂质.吸附动力学拟合结果表明,此硅藻粗多糖对Pb~(2+)的吸附过程更符合伪二级动力学模型,且Langmuir方程拟合的可决系数R2大于0.9,说明粗多糖对Pb~(2+)的吸附为单层吸附.     

膜生物反应器中膜污染层胞外多糖性质及污染特征

胞外多糖是污水处理膜生物反应器中的重要膜污染物质,经醇析、Sevag法去除蛋白质、层析纯化、透析、冷冻干燥得胞外多糖样品。紫外光谱扫描鉴定该胞外多糖样品不含核酸及蛋白质,分别采用HPLC、GC、FT-IR及SEM等手段对其性质进行分析,考察其对聚偏氟乙烯膜的污染特征。结果表明,所得胞外多糖的重均分子量Mw为4.8×106,糖苷键类型主要为1-3和1-6型,是由葡萄糖、鼠李糖、木糖、甘露糖等组成、具有高度分枝网状结构的杂多糖。胞外多糖膜污染过程受沉积层控制,膜的主要污染形式为胞外多糖在膜表面的沉积。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.