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分析了我国农村环境污染问题及成因,总结了墨江农村环境整治现状。深入调查了卡房村污染状况,核算了污染负荷,摸清了污染原因,提出了对其进行农村综合整治的思路和措施,并进行了效益分析。 相似文献
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汪琦 《安全.健康和环境》2007,7(11):24-26
介绍了中国石化扬子石化有限公司芳烃厂加氢裂化车间清洁生产管理体制、环境管理目标及环境管理措施.通过持续推进清洁生产,提高了职工对于环境保护的认识,减少了装置污染物排放,降低了能耗物耗,提高了经济效益,并强化了车间的生产管理. 相似文献
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介绍了饮料制造业实施清洁生产的途径和措施,提出了清洁生产的实施要体现"开源节流"的战略思想;以清洁生产理论为依据,制定和实施了36条清洁生产方案,最大限度地提高原物料的利用率,降低了能耗,提高了产品质量,减少了污染;获取了额外的成本降低,增强了产品市场竞争力,实现了企业经济效益和环境效益的统一。 相似文献
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清罐危险性分析及防范措施 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
柳冰瑞 《安全.健康和环境》2006,6(5):22-24
介绍了油罐清罐的类型,论述了油罐清罐的常见风险,并对其进行了分析,同时提出了相应的防范措施. 相似文献
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Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses. 相似文献
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采用排放因子法计算了中国2007年间CH4、SO2、NOx、NH3、EC、OC、NMVOC、CO、CO2、TSP、PM10、PM2.5的排放总量,建立了生物质燃烧污染物排放清单,计算了各污染物总排放量的空间分布及不同生物质燃烧类型对各污染物总排放量的贡献率,重点完善了各省市生物质燃烧排放不同粒径颗粒物清单.结果显示,2007年我国大陆生物质燃烧排放CH4、SO2、NOx、NH3、OC、EC、NMVOC、CO、CO2、TSP、PM10、PM2.5排放总量分别分为3332.7, 335.3, 951.3, 7754.9, 783.7, 267.7, 6049.6, 76579.6, 743743.7, 7677.8, 6668.9, 4043.7kt.四川、安徽、广西、山东、河南、江苏等地区生物质燃烧各污染物排放量较高,北京、天津、海南、宁夏、青海和西藏等省区各污染物排放量较少.不同地区排放污染物的主要生物质类型存在较大的差异,单位面积排放强度和人均排放量区域间差异显著.人类活动是生物质燃烧排放污染物的主要影响因素,秸秆和薪柴燃烧是污染物排放量最大的2种生物质,其对各种污染物的贡献率为93.8%~98.7%. 相似文献
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表面活性剂是现代生活中必不可少的一类有机化合物,由于其本身的双亲结构而具有润湿、分散、乳化、增溶、起泡、消泡、洗涤、均染、抗静电、防腐、杀菌等一系列独特的作用和功能。本文综述了表面活性剂在洗涤剂、材料加工、纺织工业、石油工业、农业及环境污染治理等方面的应用现状,分析了其对环境造成的影响,并对表面活性剂的生物降解和光催化降解的研究现状做了简要介绍。 相似文献
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黄土丘陵区退耕时间序列梯度上草本植被群落与土壤C、N、P、K化学计量学特征 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
研究草本植被群落生态化学计量学特征、营养元素分配及其变化规律对阐明草本植被群落对环境变化的响应和适应性具有重要意义.本文以延河流域8个不同退耕年限的草本植被群落叶片、根系及土壤为对象,分别对其C、N、P、K化学计量学特征进行了研究.结果表明,黄土丘陵区草本植被群落叶片C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为444.21、22.34、1.49、14.66mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为21.86、424.72、39.82、20.27;根系C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为285.16、5.79、0.27、6.07 mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为60.56、1 019.33、46.55、21.36;土壤C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为2.28、0.18、0.28、4.33 mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为16.43、8.40、0.54、0.66.在退耕1~35年间,草本植被群落叶片C含量上升,N含量先上升后下降,磷含量整体下降,K含量先下降后上升;叶片C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P总体呈上升趋势.根系C、N、P、K含量及其特征的变化规律与叶片不尽相同.随着退耕年限的增加,土壤C、N含量上升,P含量呈反正弦函数状变化,K含量呈抛物线状变化,C/N下降,C/P、C/K、N/P均上升.在退耕时间序列梯度上,C、P、K在叶片和根系中含量的比值存在不同程度的下降趋势,C、N、P在叶片和土壤中含量的比值下降,C、N在根系和土壤中含量的比值下降.植物营养元素的限制状况及分配规律均与退耕恢复时间响应关系及程度均存在差异. 相似文献
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Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
XIA Yun-sheng CHEN Bao-dong CHRISTIE Peter SMITH F Andrew WANG You-shan LI Xiao-lin 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(10):1245-1251
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility. 相似文献
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松花江沉积物金属元素含量、污染及地球化学特征 总被引:8,自引:3,他引:5
研究了松花江沉积物常量和微量金属元素地球化学行为.从松花江采集39个沉积物样品,分析了沉积物中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni、Pb、Sb、Sc、V、Mn、Ti、AI、Fe、Mg、Ca、Na、K的总量,目的是阐明松花江吉林市至哈尔滨市河段沉积物金属元素含量和分布特征,考察元素之间的地球化学关系,探讨微量金属污染物区域基线用于定量分析沉积物微量金属元素的污染.松花江沉积物中有毒微量金属的浓度如:As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn、Ni、Pb、V分别为2.7~11.5、0.05-1.38、4.8~14.7、15.9-78.9、2.4-75.4、0.01-1.27、21.8-403.1、6.2-35.8、12.6-124.4、22.1-108.0 mg/kg.由于人为干扰(污染).沉积物中Cd、Cu、Hg、Zn、Pb的时空分异高于常量元素.而且这些金属元素与其赋存矿物元素.如Fe、Mg、Sc之间的相关性降低了.本研究建立了沉积物中常见污染污染物As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、V的环境基线浓度,为定量估算松花江沉积物污染提供了理论依据.松花江沉积物中微量金属污染程度低于珠江和长江,与黄河近似. 相似文献
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UASB+射流曝气+MBR+UF+RO新技术处理PTA废水的工程运行及管理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
介绍了PTA废水处理中目前国内比较先进的一种处理技术:UASB+射流曝气+MBR+UF+RO。该技术具有投资省,处理效率高,运行稳定可靠,无污水排放,出水循环利用,清洁生产等特点和优势。在处理PTA废水时,通过调节进水量,COD负荷,pH,温度,碱度,VAF,污泥浓度,DO等运行参数,装置运行稳定,出水水质良好,能达到国家回用生产水的标准。通过本案例的运行,充分证明了该技术在处理PTA废水时能达到国家推广的生产污水"零"排放的标准,符合中国节能减排的发展要求。 相似文献
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随着纳米技术迅猛发展,纳米颗粒的环境行为和生态效应越来越受到关注.纳米氧化物作为环境中的重要组成,广泛存在于水体、大气、土壤以及沉积物中,其大比表面积和高表面活性,控制和影响着环境中一些污染物和营养元素的形态、迁移、转化和生物有效性.纳米尺寸是纳米颗粒特有属性,颗粒尺寸大小调控和决定纳米氧化物的结构及物理化学特性,从而在较大程度上影响其与相关元素的界面反应性和环境地球化学行为.综述了纳米氧化物的尺寸对吸附、(还原)溶解、(催化)氧化、聚集和迁移等环境行为的影响,讨论了尺寸效应的作用机制,最后展望了环境中纳米金属氧化物尺寸效应有关的研究热点和方向. 相似文献
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Life on the Edge: Vulnerability and Adaptation of African Ecosystems to Global Climate Change 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Dixon Robert K. Smith Joel Guill Sandra 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2003,8(2):93-113
Donor countriesare providing financial and technicalsupport for global climate change countrystudies to help African nations meet theirreporting needs under the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC). Technical assistance to completevulnerability and adaptation assessmentsincludes training of analysts, sharing ofcontemporary tools (e.g. simulationmodels), data and assessment techniques,information-sharing workshops and aninternational exchange programme foranalysts. This chapter summarizes 14African country studies (Botswana, Côted'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, the Gambia,Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, SouthAfrica, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia andZimbabwe) assessing vulnerabilities toglobal climate change and identifyingadaptation options. The analysis revealedthat the participating African countriesare vulnerable to global climate change inmore than one of the followingsocio-economic sectors: coastal resources,agriculture, grasslands and livestock,water resources, forests, wildlife, andhuman health. This vulnerability isexacerbated by widespread poverty,recurrent droughts, inequitable landdistribution, environmental degradation,natural resource mismanagement anddependence on rain-fed agriculture. Arange of practical adaptation options wereidentified in key socio-economic sectors ofthe African nations analysed. However,underdeveloped human and institutionalcapacity, as well as the absence ofadequate infrastructure, renders manytraditional coping strategies (rooted inpolitical and economic stability)ineffective or insufficient. FutureAfrican country studies should be moreclosely coordinated with development ofnational climate change action plans 相似文献