本溪市城市生态环境质量评价及预测

采用“城市生态环境适宜度指数法”对本溪市城市生态环境质量进行评价及预测。现状评价结果表明，本溪市城市生态环境现状适宜度国差，城市生态环境质量脆弱。预测结果表明，到“十五”末期，本溪市城市生态环境适宜度将有较大幅度的提高，城市生态环境质量呈明显改善趋势。     

铁岭市城市生态环境质量现状与发展趋势分析

本文采用"城市生态环境质量适宜度指数法"对铁岭市城区生态环境质量进行评价、预测分析,简述了城市生态环境质量发展趋势.     

辽阳城市生态环境质量评价及预测

通过1990年至1998年辽阳城市生产指标、生活指标及环境指标为基数分析计算出1990年至1998年度的辽阳城市生态环境各年度的适宜度及适宜度综合指数，分析其变化规律。并用指标体系预测出2005年及2010年的生产位适宜度指数、生活位适宜度指数、环境位适宜度指数，辽阳城市环境适宜度综合指数，并作出辽阳城市生态环境质量评价。建立辽阳“两生一环”生态的指标体系，分析了辽阳生态环境变化规律。     

东北黑土水土流失区生态环境遥感动态监测

为及时快速地监测水土流失地区的生态环境变化状况,以拜泉县为例,选取1985年、1996年、2006年和2015年Landsat影像,反演得到能反映生态环境的绿度、湿度、热度和干度指标,利用主成分分析方法,依据RSEI（遥感生态指数）对拜泉县1985—2015年的生态环境进行评价.结果表明:1985—2015年拜泉县RSEI从0.645增至0.851,增幅为31.94%,生态环境质量改善地区面积高于退化区域面积,总体上生态质量向好的方向发展;拜泉县整体生态环境质量综合指数由3.78升至4.87,各乡镇的生态环境质量综合指数均呈现不同程度的增加,从空间分布来看,西南部和南部乡镇的变幅大于北部,中部基本保持不变,水土流失重点区域生态环境质量显著提高;逐步回归分析结果表明,所选的指标均为生态环境质量的关键指标;绿度逐渐成为研究区生态环境质量正向作用的重要指标,说明植树造林等生态治理措施对环境质量的改善起到主导作用.研究显示,RSEI能够综合刻画水土流失区生态环境质量,同时拜泉县生态环境质量整体不断改善,水土流失治理成效明显.      

基于模糊综合评价法的城市生态环境质量综合评价——以大连市为例

论文针对城市快速发展过程中的生态环境问题,在查阅大量国内外相关文献,结合实地调研的基础上,对城市生态环境现状和问题进行了分析。运用可持续发展理论和生态经济学原理,从白然、社会、经济的角度,选取了20个单项指标,构建了大连生态环境质量评价指标体系,采用专家打分法、层次分析法和模糊综合评判法构建出城市生态环境质量评价的模型。并对大连市的生态环境质量进行了实证研究,定量地对大连的生态环境进行了综合评价。通过MapInfo软件生成大连市生态环境质量空间分布图。结论为全市生态环境质量总体保持优良,中心城区、长海县生态环境质量为优,金州区、旅顺口区、瓦房店市、庄河市为良,普兰店市为中。     

滹沱河流域生态环境动态遥感评价

滹沱河流域横跨山西和河北两省,自2000年以来由于经济发展,城市扩建,滹沱河一度断流,但随着国家对生态文明建设的重视和南水北调工程的实施,滹沱河流域生态保护成效显著提升.基于GEE平台选取MODIS数据、Landsat数据和夜光遥感数据等,利用生态环境指数（EI）中的生物丰富度指数、植被覆盖指数、土地胁迫指数和污染负荷指数以及遥感生态指数（RSEI）中的湿度指数相结合生成新的评价指标体系,利用变异系数法和熵权法对指标赋权并构建生态环境评价模型,对2000~2020年滹沱河流域进行生态环境质量评价和分级,并运用地理探测器对其驱动因子进行解释.结果表明：①时间尺度上,2000~2015年滹沱河流域的生态环境处于“衰退期”,2015~2020年滹沱河处于“恢复期”.从格网尺度上看,流域内中部地区生态环境质量呈现逐年提高的状态;流域内西部和东部地区,“衰退期”生态环境质量逐年降低,“恢复期”生态环境质量有所提高.②热点分析表明,滹沱河流域的生态环境质量呈现“中间高两侧低”的空间分布状态.冷点区域集中分布于东部和南部的城市乡镇地区,零星分布于西侧河谷地区.③地理探测分析表明,单因子探测驱动因子主要为人口密度、植被净初级生产力（NPP）、植被覆盖度（FVC）和地貌类型.交互探测的主导因子为“地貌类型+FVC”.随着生态文明建设不断深入和《滹沱河保护条例》的颁布实施,结合流域内不同的自然环境和社会特征等因子,滹沱河流域生态环境评价研究可为因地制宜地改善生态环境政策提供数据支持.     

基于GA-BP-SD模型的生态环境质量综合评价

近年来,中国小城镇生态环境质量恶化趋势明显,同时相应的综合评价研究也逐步深入.针对生态环境质量综合评价问题,建造了GA-BP-SD模型.它对反向传播神经网络初始权值和阀值用遗传算法优化,并将隶属度引入遗传神经网络,以便确定生态环境质量的影响因子和程度.用此模型对小城镇生态环境质量进行了综合评价和探索,结果说明该方法是适合中国小城镇进行生态环境质量评价方法的.     

城市生态环境质量评价方法探讨

文章采用综合指数法评价城市生态环境质量,首先确定选择评价指标的原则,然后确定评价指标及其权重,并根据评价指标的指数值计算城市生态环境质量综合指数值,再根据城市生态环境质量综合指数值确定城市生态环境的状态。     

中国省域生态环境质量评价指标体系研究

提出了省域生态环境质量评价及其指标体系由生态环境质量背景、人类对生态环境的影响程度及人类对生态环境的适宜度需求三部分 组成,并分别提出相应的指标体系及评价方法。通过对中国省区生态环境质量评价分级的实例研究,具体介绍了该方法。      

1990~2015年间贵州省植被生态环境质量变化特征

通过长时间序列较空间高分辨率植被生态环境质量变化分析,厘清贵州省1990~2015年植被生态环境质量宏观动态变化特征,为区域植被恢复和生态环境建设提供决策依据。以Landsat TM、ETM+、OLI和ASTER GDEM为数据源,提取植被盖度、土壤指数、湿度指数和坡度指标,应用综合指数评价模型得到贵州省3期植被生态环境质量专题图,划分植被生态环境质量等级和优劣度。结果表明:25年间,全省植被生态环境质量以"优""良"为主,"中"减少20.18%,"优"增加16.27%,植被生态环境质量总体好转;全省植被生态环境质量呈东南部优于中西部的空间格局;1990、2000和2015各州市的植被生态环境质量"优""良"加总最高值和最低值之差分别为37.1%、21.13%和12.21%,植被生态环境质量空间差异逐期减小。至2015年,六盘水市、毕节市、遵义市和黔西南州植被生态环境质量改善明显,安顺市、六盘水市、贵阳市和黔西南州处于全省相对较差水平。未来应加强黔西南和黔中地区植被生态环境治理,尤其要注重对安顺市、六盘水市、贵阳市和黔西南州的治理。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.