动力学光度法测定环境样品中微量钒

本文研究了V(Ⅳ)对Cr_2O_7~(2-)-I~--淀粉氧化还原反应体系的诱导作用,以此为基础提出了一种测定微量钒的动力学新方法,并建立了测定最佳条件:[Cr_2O_7~(2-)]=8.4×10~(-5)mol·L~(-1),[I~-]=2.1×10~(-3)mol·L~(-1),pH=2.1,585nm。在此条件下,钒(Ⅳ)含量在0—6.6μg·ml~(-1)范围内符合比尔定律,方法检测限为0.02μgV(IV)·ml~(-1)。除Fe~(3+),Fe~(2+),Sn~(2+),Ti~(3+)外,其它共存离子不影响测定。用本方法测定了几种环境样品中的微量钒,结果满意,标准加入回收率为95.1—98.3％。     

一株钒还原菌的分离鉴定及V(V)还原机理研究

从钒(V)污染土壤中筛选出一株对钒具有还原能力的细菌,探讨不同V(V)浓度、接种量、pH值条件对菌株还原V(V)的影响,研究菌株胞外、胞内还原V(V)的过程及酶活性变化,解析菌株对V(V)的还原机制.结果表明,筛选菌株NC1-2鉴定为一株神户肠杆菌(Enterobacterkobei).该菌株在160mg/L V(V)下培养7d时,V(V)还原率达96.29%;增加接菌量能加快V(V)还原;pH值8.0时菌株对V(V)的还原效果最佳.降低细胞膜通透性,V(V)还原率从71.2%提高至75.0%.不同亚细胞组分对V(V)的还原存在差异,胞外分泌物及细胞质组分对V(V)的还原率分别为41.71%和80.17%,细胞膜组分未发生V(V)还原.菌株还原V(V)过程中,亚硝酸还原酶(NIR)活性和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)含量均有不同程度的提高.发生V(V)还原的细胞组分,胞外多糖及胞外蛋白含量增加,钒在细胞内外均有分布.傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析表明菌体表面羟基、羰基、酰胺基参与生物吸附;扫描电镜(SEM)显示V(V)还原后菌体周围出现沉淀,能量散射x射线谱(EDS)结果表明沉...     

高温石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中钒

本文研究了用N-苯甲酰-N苯基羟胺(BPHA)萃取预富集-高温石墨炉原子吸收法测定钒的条件,实验证明,在2.0N盐酸介质中可以用0.5％BPHA-氯仿溶液定量地萃取毫微克量的钒。应用热解石墨涂层管并注意操作技术,用有机相进样可得满意的结果。测定钒的灵敏度达3.2×10~(-11)克/1％吸收,成功地应用于海水、天然水和污水中钒的测定,得到了与其它方法相符合的结果。方法简单、快速,可以测定每升水中10~(-7)—10~(-4)克钒。方法相对标准偏差在钒为2.3微克/升时为2.6％。     

碘量法测定自来水中余氯实验条件优化的研究

采用碘量法测定自来水中的余氯含量,KI用量、酸度、淀粉用量、加样顺序、反应时间、水温等测定过程中影响因素进行了研究,获得了最佳测定条件.并且将该方法与标准中的N,N-二乙基对苯二胺(DPD)分光光度法进行了比较,结果表明碘量法在最佳实验条件下测定的余氯值与DPD分光光度法相差不大,数据重现性好,准确度高,可以作为自来水余氯的测定方法.     

V(Ⅴ)与V(Ⅳ)在不同土壤中的吸附-解吸行为研究

选择四川攀枝花地区广泛分布的3种土壤,研究五价钒[V(Ⅴ)]与四价钒[V(Ⅳ)]在土壤中的吸附-解吸行为。分别运用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型对V在黄棕壤、紫色土和水稻土中的等温吸附线进行拟合,计算出这2种价态的V在各土壤中的最大吸附量,比较不同土壤对不同价态V的吸附能力,同时分别分析3种土壤吸附平衡液与解吸液pH的变化。结果表明:(1)2种价态的V在3种土壤中的等温吸附线与两模型均基本吻合;(2)3种土壤对2种价态的V的吸附能力大小顺序一致,依次为:黄棕壤>水稻土>紫色土;(3)3种土壤对V(Ⅳ)的最大吸附量基本一致,但紫色土与水稻土对V(Ⅴ)的最大吸附量高于黄棕壤;(4)V(Ⅳ)在3种土壤中的解吸率高于V(Ⅴ),最高可达48.93%;(5)V(Ⅴ)的吸附平衡液与解吸液pH均随V浓度增加呈上升趋势,而V(Ⅳ)的吸附平衡液与解吸液pH均随V(Ⅳ)浓度增加呈下降趋势,且3种土壤的吸附平衡液pH变化幅度较解吸液大。     

钒镉复合污染对水稻吸收积累镉、钒和磷的影响

采用溶液培养法研究钒与镉复合污染对水稻生长及其吸收积累镉的影响,以便弄清在钒与镉复合污染条件下水稻的生长情况.试验结果表明,钒镉复合污染可影响水稻的生长发育.在培养液镉浓度(1 0mg·L-1)不变的情况下,随着溶液中钒浓度的增加,水稻根长、根系和茎叶的干重不断减少.当溶液中钒浓度达到1 6mg·L-1和3 2mg·L-1时,水稻茎叶和根系干重减少分别达到显著水平(p<0 05).钒镉复合污染也影响水稻植株对磷、钒和镉的吸收与积累.当培养液中镉浓度不变时,随着溶液中钒浓度的增加,水稻根系和茎叶中的磷浓度不断降低,而钒含量却不断提高,根系比茎叶积累更多的钒.此外,钒可抑制水稻植株对镉的吸收与积累.     

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1和Shewanella putrefaciens对V(Ⅴ)的还原及其影响因素

在实验室模拟培养条件下,研究Shewanella oneidensis MR-1和Shewanella putrefaciens在厌氧体系中对V(Ⅴ)的耐性试验,探讨在不同的V(Ⅴ)浓度、接菌量、pH值和不同蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸(AQDS)浓度下对V(Ⅴ)还原的影响,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)进行表征.结果表明V(Ⅴ)浓度低于10mg/L时对S. oneidensis MR-1和S. putrefaciens的生长影响较小,V(Ⅴ)浓度超过20mg/L则会抑制其生长和V(Ⅴ)的还原;随着接菌量的增加,2种微生物对V(Ⅴ)的还原能力逐渐增强;2种微生物最适生长pH值均为7.0左右,弱碱性环境下2种微生物对V(Ⅴ)的还原率高于弱酸性环境;添加1mmol/L AQDS会加快2种微生物对V(Ⅴ)的还原.菌株培养3d后通过SEM分析,S. oneidensis MR-1和S. putrefaciens进行V(Ⅴ)还原的同时也伴有少量的吸附作用.利用XPS能谱分析表明S. oneidensis MR-1和S. putrefaciens将V(Ⅴ)还原为V(Ⅳ).     

水稻土中甲硫氨酸分解释放挥发性含硫气体的影响因素

为了探讨水稻土中含硫气体产生和释放的途径 ,在室内培养条件下 ,测定了南京水稻土中含硫气体的释放 .从该淹水土壤中测出 3种含硫气体 ;羰基硫 (COS)、二甲基硫 (DMS)和少量硫化氢 (H₂S)气体 .当土壤中加入甲硫氨酸后 ,DMS气体的释放量有了明显增加 ,此外还有大量甲硫醇 (CH₃SH)和二甲基二硫 (DMDS)气体测出 .而 COS在好氧条件 (普通大气淹水 )下的释放量明显增加 ,在厌氧条件 (充氮淹水 )下的释放量变化不明显 ;只有 H₂S的释放量几乎没变 .这些结果表明 ,甲硫氨酸的分解可能是 COS、DMS、CH₃SH和 DMDS的产生源之一 ,且释放含硫气体的种类明显不同于胱氨酸和半胱氨酸 .在好氧 (普通大气 )条件下 ,DMDS和 CH₃SH的释放量低于厌氧情况 (充氮气 )下的释放量 ,DMS则高于厌氧条件下的释放量 .这表明 ,水稻土中甲硫氨酸分解产生 DMDS和 CH3SH需较强的还原条件 ,产生这 2种气体的微生物需要严格的厌氧条件 .产生 DMS的微生物则比前者需要高一些的含氧量 .土壤 pH值和含水量及光照对甲硫氨酸分解释放含硫气体均有影响 .各含硫气体在持水率 50%、普通大气、光照条件下的释放量明显高于无光照条件下的释放量 .     

吸附材料对钒矿污染土壤重金属的稳定化效果

选用壳聚糖和活性炭两种吸附材料,分别以不同的质量比添加到供试土壤中,固化后进行毒性浸出实验,研究吸附材料对土壤中钒(V)、铬(Cr)的稳定化效果,并通过表征吸附材料的红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)探究吸附材料对V、Cr的稳定化机理.结果表明,壳聚糖对V、Cr均有较好的稳定化效果,活性炭对V的稳定化效果不稳定,对Cr的稳定化效果很好.吸附材料添加量的改变对稳定化效果影响不大.稳定化30d时,0.5%壳聚糖对V、Cr的稳定化率分别为74.04%、46.77%;0.5%活性炭对V、Cr的稳定化率分别为1.86%、87.75%.FTIR和XPS表征结果表明,壳聚糖中含活性强的氨基和羟基较多,活性炭中含氨基、羟基较少.因此壳聚糖和活性炭可作为土壤重金属的稳定剂,使钒矿污染土壤得到修复.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌对水中丁草胺的降解及影响

用解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)作为试验菌种,对除草剂丁草胺(N-丁氧甲基氯-2′-氯-2′,6′-二乙基乙酰替苯胺)在水介质中的微生物降解进行了研究.筛选了解淀粉芽孢杆菌降解丁草胺的最佳试验条件,研究了不同初始pH和添加外源腐殖酸对丁草胺微生物降解的影响.用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测了丁草胺残留量和降解产物,用红外光谱法(FTIR)分析测定了反应前后腐殖酸的变化情况.结果表明:解淀粉芽孢杆菌对丁草胺具有明显的降解效果,丁草胺初始质量浓度越高,其降解速率和降解效率也越高,碱性条件下丁草胺的降解率明显比酸性条件下高;腐殖酸的加入不仅能吸附丁草胺还能促进细菌对丁草胺的微生物降解,并能影响丁草胺的微生物降解产物.      

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.