洞庭湖岸边带沉积物氨氧化古菌的丰度、多样性及对氨氧化的贡献

采用分子生物学的方法(定性/定量PCR、克隆文库)对洞庭湖岸边带沉积物中氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea,AOA)进行分子水平的多样性和丰度分析,并结合硝化速率潜势(Potential Nitrification Rate,PNR)剖析AOA在洞庭湖岸边带沉积物中氨氧化的作用.采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对氨氧化古菌AOA和氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria,AOB)进行靶向amoA基因(氨氧化关键功能基因)的定量分析,发现古菌amoA基因的丰度为1.49×107 ～ 1.97×10s copies· g-1(以干土计),高于细菌amoA基因丰度(1.52×104 ～2.45×106copies·g-1,以干土计)1～4个数量级.洞庭湖岸边带沉积物硝化速率潜势为1.11 ～6.47 nmol·g-1·h-1(以N计),比细胞硝化速率为0.55 ～1.68 fmol· cell-1·d-1(以NH3计).硝化速率潜势与古菌amoA基因丰度之间呈现正向变化趋势,而与细菌amoA基因丰度呈负向变化趋势,指示了低氨氮环境下AOA在氨氧化过程中的主导作用.生物多样性分析表明,经酶切分型后得到的22个古菌amoA基因序列以97％的相似度划分为8个独立操作单元(Operational Taxonomic Unit,OTU).系统发育分析显示,OTU 1～6(14个序列)属于第一分支,OTU 7～8(8个序列)属于第二分支,且均属于一个新命名的古菌类群——奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota).     

河蚬（Corbicula fluminea）扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度的影响

为研究不同生物量河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)的生物扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度的影响,本研究设计了沉积物-水微宇宙的模拟体系,通过构建克隆文库、实时荧光定量PCR(real-time qPCR)等分子生物学方法比较不同密度河蚬扰动的沉积物中氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)和氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)群落结构和丰度差异.结果表明,河蚬的生物扰动作用对表层沉积物氮素释放有明显的促进作用.氨氧化菌(AOA和AOB)amoA基因克隆文库中,AOA的amoA基因序列包含了已知的海洋和土壤环境中的两个分支,AOB的amoA基因绝大部分序列都属于变形菌门β亚纲(β-Proteobacteria)中的亚硝化单细胞菌属(Nitrosomonas).3个处理组表层沉积物中细菌amoA基因丰度均高于古菌amoA基因丰度,且河蚬密度越高则细菌amoA的丰度越低.同时,河蚬的添加使得微宇宙体系中氨氧化菌(AOA和AOB)的多样性降低.综上,河蚬的生物扰动对表层沉积物中氨氧化菌群落结构和丰度产生了一定的影响.     

我国北方四类土壤中氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌的活性及对氨氧化的贡献

氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)与氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)是目前已知的两类好氧氨氧化微生物,广泛分布于各类生态系统中.采用双氰胺(dicyandiamide;DCD)和1-辛炔(1-octyne)抑制剂的方法对我国北方湿地、草原、农田、沙漠4类生态系统的土壤中AOA和AOB的氨氧化速率(ammonia oxidation rate,AR)分别进行定量测定,剖析AOA、AOB对不同土壤中氨氧化的贡献.结果表明:在氨氮含量较高的湿地土壤((32.58±1.38)mg·kg~(-1))中氨氧化速率由AOB主导(ARAOB占AR的86.19%),而在氨氮含量较低的草原土壤((10.40±0.69)mg·kg~(-1))、农田土壤((5.09±0.25)mg·kg~(-1))中氨氧化速率则由AOA主导(ARAOA分别占AR的65.50%、62.20%).氨氮含量是影响AOA、AOB相对活性的主要限制性因素.湿地土壤中氨氧化速率最高,为3.22 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)(以N计),其次是草原土壤和农田土壤,其AR分别为1.11、1.00 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),沙漠土壤中未检测到氨氧化速率.对氨氧化古菌、细菌的amoA基因进行定量分析的结果表明:在氨氮含量最高的湿地土壤和最低的沙漠土壤((1.27±0.05)mg·kg~(-1))中AOA丰度高于AOB丰度,在草原、农田土壤中AOB丰度高于AOA丰度.amoA基因生物多样性分析表明,377个古菌amoA序列以85%相似度可以划分为19个独立操作单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU),具有较高的生物多样性,其Shannon指数为1.51~1.73.直接通过氨氧化微生物amoA基因丰度来推测AOA、AOB的活性具有一定的缺陷,而依靠AOA、AOB分别的氨氧化速率能够准确地衡量其在不同生态系统中对氨氮去除的相对贡献,对于理解不同生态系统中氨氮去除过程和效应有着重要的意义.     

若尔盖花湖沉积物氨氧化与反硝化功能基因丰度垂向分布特征及其环境响应

若尔盖湿地作为中国最大的泥炭沼泽区,是生物地球化学循环的重要场所.本文以若尔盖湿地的花湖为研究对象,采集0～47 cm的沉积物样品,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术,探究沉积物中氨氧化(amoA)和反硝化(nirS、nirK、nosZ clade I)功能基因丰度的垂向分布特征,及其对环境因子的响应.结果表明:花湖沉积物中古菌amoA基因丰度在垂向分布上呈下降趋势,而nirS基因丰度呈上升趋势;古菌和细菌的amoA基因丰度相近,nirS基因丰度则远高于nirK基因,且氨氧化功能基因丰度整体上比反硝化功能基因低1～2个数量级.总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨态氮(NH~+_4-N)、硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)和亚硝态氮(NO~-_2-N)与古菌amoA基因丰度均呈显著正相关关系(p0.05),而与nirS基因丰度呈显著负相关关系(p0.05).这两种功能基因明显受到花湖沉积物中不同形式氮素浓度的影响与限制.通过研究花湖沉积物氨氧化与反硝化功能基因的垂向分布特征及其对环境的响应,可为深入了解高原湖泊沉积物中的氮循环机理提供参考.     

三亚河红树林表层沉积物中好氧氨氧化微生物的分布特征及潜在硝化速率

氨氧化过程是硝化作用的限速步骤,氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)和氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)是氨氧化作用的主要驱动者,其分布特征及其对硝化作用的相对贡献是氮素循环的研究热点.采用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究了三亚河红树林表层沉积物中好氧氨氧化微生物的分布特征,并通过测定潜在硝化速率分析了AOB和AOA对硝化作用的相对贡献率.结果表明,多数采样点中,AOA amoA基因丰度高于AOB amoA基因丰度; AOB丰度冬季较高,AOA丰度夏季较高,且冬季AOA和AOB丰度的比值较低;溶解氧、pH、总有机碳和硝态氮对AOB和AOA丰度影响较大; AOB和AOA在夏季的潜在硝化速率均高于冬季,冬季AOA对硝化作用的相对贡献率较高而夏季则是AOB在硝化作用中占主导地位,AOB和AOA的潜在硝化速率与amoA基因丰度均不存在显著相关性.     

纳米金、银对氨氧化细菌及其氨氧化作用的影响

为明晰纳米金、银对环境中氨氧化细菌(AOB)的氨氧化作用影响机制,本文通过对驯化培养河口湿地表层沉积物所得到的氨氧化细菌(AOB)富集培养物进行纳米材料不同浓度的处理试验,测定氨氮、亚硝氮浓度和氨氧化速率的变化特征,并利用PCR-DGGE分子指纹图谱技术和qPCR方法分析不同试验中AOB的多样性与丰度信息,确定纳米金、银对氨氧化速率、氨氧化细菌多样性与丰度的影响规律.结果表明,纳米银对环境中氨氮的转化具有浓度抑制效应,随着浓度增加,氨氧化平均速率越低,氨氮转化越少.纳米银处理之间的氨氧化平均速率同氨氧化细菌(AOB)的香农与辛普森多样性指数、amoA基因丰度存在显著正相关关系.因而纳米银对环境中氨氧化作用的抑制效应主要通过其杀菌能力影响了氨氧化菌的多样性和丰度而起作用.纳米金氨氧化平均速率则和AOB的多样性指数以及amoA基因丰度均无显著相关.纳米金对氨氧化细菌、氨氧化速率却不呈现浓度抑制效应,甚至出现略微促进氨氧化作用的趋势.DNA测序结果发现实验的氨氧化细菌都属于b-Proteobacteria,同Nitrosospira、Nitrosomonas亲源性较近.环境中的氨氧化微生物种类复杂,环境条件多变.不同纳米材料是如何影响氨氧化微生物进而影响氨氧化作用,仍需进行深入研究.     

纳米金、银对氨氧化细菌及其氨氧化作用的影响

为明晰纳米金、银对环境中氨氧化细菌(AOB)的氨氧化作用影响机制,本文通过对驯化培养河口湿地表层沉积物所得到的氨氧化细菌(AOB)富集培养物进行纳米材料不同浓度的处理试验,测定氨氮、亚硝氮浓度和氨氧化速率的变化特征,并利用PCR-DGGE分子指纹图谱技术和qPCR方法分析不同试验中AOB的多样性与丰度信息,确定纳米金、银对氨氧化速率、氨氧化细菌多样性与丰度的影响规律.结果表明,纳米银对环境中氨氮的转化具有浓度抑制效应,随着浓度增加,氨氧化平均速率越低,氨氮转化越少.纳米银处理之间的氨氧化平均速率同氨氧化细菌(AOB)的香农与辛普森多样性指数、amoA基因丰度存在显著正相关关系.因而纳米银对环境中氨氧化作用的抑制效应主要通过其杀菌能力影响了氨氧化菌的多样性和丰度而起作用.纳米金氨氧化平均速率则和AOB的多样性指数以及amoA基因丰度均无显著相关.纳米金对氨氧化细菌、氨氧化速率却不呈现浓度抑制效应,甚至出现略微促进氨氧化作用的趋势.DNA测序结果发现实验的氨氧化细菌都属于?-Proteobacteria,同Nitrosospira、Nitrosomonas亲源性较近.环境中的氨氧化微生物种类复杂,环境条件多变.不同纳米材料是如何影响氨氧化微生物进而影响氨氧化作用,仍需进行深入研究.     

耐冷氨氧化功能菌群强化人工湿地低温脱氮

针对冬季低温条件下人工湿地脱氮效率低的问题,将富集得到的耐冷氨氧化功能菌群固定化后投加到人工湿地中,探究生物强化对低温下人工湿地脱氮的强化效果及其微生物作用机制.结果表明,5℃条件下,梯度降温（R1）和梯度降温耦合选择性抑制（R2）条件下富集培养的耐冷氨氧化功能菌群强化处理的人工湿地的氨氮平均去除率分别为84%和88%,比对照组湿地分别提高24%和28%.高通量测序分析表明,富集得到的耐冷氨氧化功能菌群中优势菌种（相对丰度高达19.2%）为具有氨氧化功能的硝化螺旋菌（Nitrospira sp.）,属于全程氨氧化菌,在氨氧化过程中起主要作用.微生物相对表达水平分析表明,两组生物强化人工湿地中氨氧化功能基因amoA的表达丰度分别为2.82×10⁸,8.22×10⁸拷贝数/克基质,显著高于对照组湿地的2.50×10⁷拷贝数/克基质.投加耐冷氨氧化功能菌群可以有效提高人工湿地脱氮效率.     

北运河沉积物中氨氧化微生物的群落特征

采用T-RFLP、RT-qPCR和克隆测序等分子生物学技术,以氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)为分子标记,研究了北运河表层沉积物中氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的群落多样性、丰度、系统发育及其与环境因子的响应关系.结果表明,沉积物中AOB的群落多样性和丰度均高于AOA,是北运河沉积物中氨氧化过程的主要功能微生物.沉积物中氨氧化微生物群落结构沿干流和支流存在明显的空间分异,而AOA的种类组成空间差异较小;沉积物的氨氮(NH4+)和硝态氮(NO3﹣+NO2﹣)是影响氨氧化微生物群落特征的主要因子,AOB对环境变化的敏感性更高;AOA和AOB的amoA基因拷贝数分别为1.32×105~1.91×106copies/g、5.39×105~8.3×106copies/g.闸坝下游沉积物的氨氧化微生物丰度最高.系统发育分析表明,amoA基因序列多属于土壤/沉积物分支,较多AOB的克隆序列与土壤亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)的类群相似性可达98%.受污水处理厂退水的影响,部分amoA基因序列与污水处理厂废水和活性污泥中发现的类群同源性高.污染物质来源、支流汇入和闸坝拦截对河流沉积物氨氧化微生物的群落特征影响显著.     

多年蔬菜连作对土壤氨氧化微生物群落组成的影响

为揭示农业生产中长期大量施用化学肥料对土壤硝化过程微生物种群的影响及其与土壤硝化能力的偶联关系,本研究通过在长沙黄兴蔬菜基地采集长期连作蔬菜(20 a以上,VL)和短期蔬菜种植地(2 a左右,VS)表层土壤(0～20 cm),利用末端限制性片段多态性(T-RFLP)和实时定量PCR(Q-PCR)等手段系统研究了蔬菜连作对氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizingbacteria,AOB)和氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)的组成和丰度的影响及其与土壤硝化势的偶联关系.结果表明,长期蔬菜连作显著使得土壤中AOB amoA的组成趋于单一,同时也影响了土壤中AOA amoA的群落组成;RDA分析结果表明,影响AOB amoA群落结构的主要土壤因素为土壤pH以及Olsen-P的含量.土壤中AOA amoA基因拷贝数明显高于AOB,平均为细菌丰度的6倍,但土壤硝化势(PNF)与土壤中AOB amoA基因丰度成显著的正相关,而与土壤中AOA amoA基因丰度没有显著的相关性.尽管多年蔬菜连作对AOB和AOA丰度的影响还不清楚,却使得AOB优势种群富集,土壤硝化能力增强.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.