同步脱氮除磷新工艺处理校园生活污水

针对国内现行工艺氮磷去除不能兼顾的现实,采用活性污泥、生物膜组合系统(活性污泥、生物膜培养采用原水→配水→待处理废水逐级诱导培养获得单池相对纯净的生物相.避免了硝化菌与聚磷菌的泥龄矛盾,利用反硝化聚磷"一碳两用"缓解了碳源竞争问题),并采用独特的聚磷污泥回流方式使全部聚磷菌污泥经历释磷、聚磷循环,克服了水体中氮磷去除不能兼顾的问题.运行结果表明,该工艺对校园生活污水有良好的处理效果.当进水的CODCr、NH 4-N、TN、PO3-4-P的平均浓度为349.84mg·L-1、32.28mg·L-1、35.76mg·L-1、6.45mg·L-1时,出水平均浓度为14.77mg·L-1、1.46mg·L-1、5.48mg·L-1、0.63mg·L-1,平均去除率分别为95.7%、95.12%、84.45%、92.01%.长期的运行表明此工艺对氮磷有稳定的去除效果,出水水质满足国家<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB18918-2002一级B标准)要求.     

高效厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)工艺性能研究

采用模拟含氨废水和颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)反应器研究了厌氧氨氧化工艺的高效性能.试验结果表明,厌氧氨氧化EGSB工艺具有很高的容积效率,在35℃、进水氨氮浓度247.1～444.8mg·L-1、亚硝氮浓度为308.7～483.8mg·L-1的条件下,反应器水力停留时间可缩至0.237～0.267h,平均容积去除速率可高达61.4kg.m-.3d-1(以N计).同时,该工艺具有超常的运行稳定性,在进水基质浓度、进水流量和pH波动的情况下,总氮去除率和出水浓度的相对标准偏差分别为3.6%～6.9%和14.4%～22.6%.厌氧氨氧化EGSB工艺的高效稳定性可归因于反应器的强污泥持留能力和厌氧氨氧化污泥的高反应活力.系统内持留的污泥浓度高达24～28g·L-1(以VSS计),分批培养测得的最高比污泥活性为2.19g.g-1.d-1(以N计),连续培养测得的最高比污泥活性为3.62g.g-.1d-1(以N计).     

好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥细菌种群结构对五氯酚污染的响应研究

应用一种新的微生物分子生态学方法--末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)法研究了好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥在毒性化合物五氯酚(PCP)影响下的废水处理性能及其微生物种群结构的响应.结果表明,PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,颗粒污泥和活性污泥的COD去除率为38%、77%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了56%和15%.另外,PCP浓度为20 mg·L-1时,去除率为13%和58%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了86%和40%,说明PCP对氨氮去除率的影响大于对COD去除率的影响,对颗粒污泥的影响大于对活性污泥的影响.PCP对好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥的细菌种群结构都产生了明显的影响,而且好氧颗粒污泥的变化程度大于活性污泥;PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,好氧颗粒污泥中的细菌种群数量明显下降,TRFs片段数从26下降到14,但活性污泥中的细菌种群数量基本不变,污泥中细菌种群结构的变化趋势与污泥的水处理性能的变化趋势相一致.     

颤蚓对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

系统考察了低、中、高3种不同污泥浓度下(TSS≈4 g·L-1、6 g·L-1和8 g·L-1),一定的颤蚓投加比例对活性污泥沉降性能的影响,并同时考察了颤蚓对污泥特性的影响.研究结果表明,投加颤蚓后60min内,活性污泥沉降速率明显加快,60min时的污泥容积相对于未投加颤蚓前可减少8%～42%;而且.这种效应对污泥浓度高的活性污泥更为显著和有效.然而.通过对污泥特性的分析表明,颤蚓在短时间内(1～3h)对污泥平均粒径、Zeta 电位并无多少影响;此时污泥容积指数(SVI)和胞外聚合物含量(EPS)却反而略有增加.     

铜离子与解偶联剂协同下的污泥减量作用

采用间歇式活性污泥培养装置,以2,6-二氯苯酚（DCP）作为解偶联剂,浓度为20 mg/L,Cu^2＋浓度为1 mg/L,加入到间歇式活性污泥反应器中.通过30　d的连续运行发现,COD去除效率相比对照实验下降7％,污泥减量达75％,且出水中DCP的平均浓度为0.28 mg/L,Cu^２＋的去除率达到90％以上,但污泥沉降性和污泥对N、P的去除率下降,污泥活性也降低.镜检发现,污泥中丝状菌增多,原生动物和后生动物数量和种类减少.结果表明,Cu^２＋和DCP对污泥减量有明显的协同作用,在活性污泥工艺中运用铜离子和解偶联剂联合来限制污泥产率是可行的.     

倒置A2O污水处理厂PFOS和PFOA的浓度分布特征及其总量分析

为考察全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)在倒置A2O污水处理厂各工艺段的浓度分布规律与去除效率,采用固相萃取(SPE)和高效液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)技术,检测分析了北京市卢沟桥污水处理厂夏季和冬季各工艺段污水和污泥中PFOS和PFOA的浓度.结果显示,PFOS在污水与污泥中的浓度均大于PFOA;进水中PFOS和PFOA的浓度分别为113.9~160.6 ng·L-1和14.7~68.1 ng·L-1,出水中的浓度分别为60.1~232.6 ng·L-1和29.9~71.5 ng·L-1;PFOS和PFOA在倒置A2O工艺没有得到有效去除.同时发现,PFOS在污泥中的浓度随季节变化较大,且其在污泥中的分配比高于PFOA;PFOS的质量流在工艺流程的各阶段变化较大,而PFOA没有明显的变化和差别.进水中PFOS和PFOA的质量流经过污水处理厂处理后反而升高,有可能是由于前驱物质降解产生.     

采用EGSB+TCBS工艺处理有机颜料废水的实例

以某生产有机颜料厂家为例,介绍了EGSB TCBS处理工艺.当废水中CODCr质量浓度为7 000～8 000mg·L-1,NH3-N质量浓度为200～300 mg·L-1,SS的质量浓度为1 000～2 000 mg·L-1时,采用该工艺处理后,出水ρ(CODCr)＜1 000 mg·L-1,ρ(NH3-N)＜30 mg·L-1,ρ(SS)＜500 mg·L-1.表明EGSB TCBS工艺适应于有机颜料废水的处理,且工艺运行便利,剩余污泥量小.     

膜-生物反应器和传统活性污泥法去除两种内分泌干扰物的对比研究

采用不主动排泥的运行模式,在相同污泥负荷条件下,对比研究了膜-生物反应器(MBR)与传统活性污泥反应器(CASR)对两种典型内分泌干扰物--双酚A(BPA)与壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPnEO,n=1～4)的去除效果.结果表明,在BPA-污泥负荷与NPnEO-污泥负荷分别为0.046～10.2 g·kg-1·d-1与0.097-0.701 g·kg-1·d-1的范围内,MBR与CASR均能有效去除这2种内分泌干扰物.随着运行时间的延长,污泥对目标物质的去除能力逐渐加强;相比CASB,MBR对目标物质的去除更强且稳定.在获得相同的出水目标物质浓度条件下,MBR可以耐受更高的容积负荷.2种内分泌干扰物的投加对MBR和CASR的COD和NH4-N的去除均没有明显影响.     

曝气膜生物反应器运行过程中污泥活性特征变化及其对膜污染的影响

研究了曝气膜生物反应器运行过程中活性污泥主要活性特征变化及其对膜污染的影响.通过排出剩余污泥的办法维持活性污泥浓度在4000 mg·L-1左右,并连续运行75 d.运行期间,每日检测活性污泥的各项性质指标便于反映污泥特性的变化.结果表明,随着反应器运行时间的延长,污泥脱氢酶活性逐渐增加,其对反应器的运行有着两方面的作用,一方面会强化微生物对污染物的去除,但另一方面则导致了胞外聚合物的增加,并加速膜污染.而污泥表观产率则随着运行时间的延长先增加后有所减少,其粒径逐渐减小,且胞外聚合物呈现增加的趋势,总的出水水质情况逐渐提高,与此同时,反应器内原生动物及后生动物在运行前期较少,而在后期大量出现.膜污染分析结果表明运行后期膜污染速度明显加快,其原因在于:污泥粒径的减小以及胞外聚合物的增加导致细小颗粒及胞外聚合物堵塞或在膜表面沉积数量增加.     

焦化废水活性污泥中降解硫氰化物细菌种群多样性分析

硫氰化物(SCN-)是焦化废水中COD的主要来源之一,其在生物处理工艺好氧段的去除效果直接影响出水的达标排放,活性污泥中的微生物种群在SCN-生物处理中发挥重要作用.以SCN-为唯一碳源和能源驯化活性污泥,研究其对100、300和600 mg·L-1SCN-浓度的去除降解效果,并利用454测序技术解析污泥中降解SCN-的细菌多样性.结果表明,驯化污泥能有效去除100~600 mg·L-1SCN-,SCN-浓度越高,去除速率越高,然而细菌群落多样指数越低;原始污泥和驯化污泥的细菌门类群主要为Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Chlorobi、Planctomycetes、Acidobacteria、Nitrospira、Firmicutes和Unclassified,其中Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes门占主导地位;Thiobacillus是主要的SCN-降解菌,在3个污泥样品中的丰度分别为3.07%、8.63%和0.27%.Thiobacillus是浓度小于300 mg·L-1SCN-时焦化废水中主要的SCN-降解菌,而在600 mg·L~(-1) SCN-高浓度时低丰度的SCN-降解菌群可能发挥协同降解作用.这些结果为揭示焦化废水处理SCN-污染物的去除机制提供了基础.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.