反复扰动下加藻对不同形态磷相互转化的影响

以太湖梅梁湾沉积物和上覆水为材料,研究了反复扰动下加藻与否对沉积物中不同形态磷数量分布的影响.试验结束时,对照试验、单纯反复扰动、加藻反复扰动其上覆水中溶解性总磷(DTP)含量依次增加了75%、62.5%和18.8%,单纯反复扰动和加藻反复扰动试验上覆水中溶解性无机磷(DIP)浓度分别增加了300%和100%.加藻反复扰动和单纯反复扰动下,沉积物中钙磷(Ca-P)的净减少量分别为31mg/kg DW和 9mg/kg DW.表明, DTP和DIP的释放主要取决于沉积物中铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)和Ca-P的减少量.沉积物中Fe/Al-P和 Ca-P的含量有所降低,主要归因于反复扰动和藻类的同化吸收作用.然而,加藻反复扰动和单纯反复扰动下,藻类可利用磷(AAP)却有所增加.这表明藻类浓度较低时,其对磷的吸附同化量明显低于沉积物中Fe、黏土颗粒以及CaCO3的吸附量.尽管AAP的形成与还原速率很难测定,但其却可以很好地表征沉积物中内源磷的生物有效性.加藻反复扰动下,Ca-P的含量持续降低,这表明藻类吸附同化了部分Ca-P.因此,在一定藻浓度条件下,可用沉积物中NH4Cl-P, AAP, %Ca-P的和来表征生物有效磷(BAP)含量.     

沉积物短期扰动下BAPP再生和转化机制

以太湖梅梁湾的沉积物和上覆水为材料,研究了沉积物不同扰动方式条件下,悬浮物中不同形态磷数量分布的变化特征,并且探讨了其对悬浮物中可被生物利用颗粒态磷(BAPP)的影响.结果表明,扰动使得上覆水中溶解性磷酸盐(DIP)的含量有所降低,与反复扰动相比,持续扰动作用下的下降幅度略大.试验期间,悬浮物中弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P)、钙结合态磷(Ca-P)与残余磷(Res-P)占总磷(Tot-P)的百分比平均值分别增加了2.97%、12.23%、4.09%(持续扰动)和3.53%、10.35%、2.07%(反复扰动),非闭蓄态铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)则分别下降了5.55%(持续扰动)、1.78%(反复扰动),说明扰动促进了易释放态磷向难释放态磷的转化.然而,悬浮物上BAPP含量却未相应降低,反而升高,分别从20.68%(初始状态)升高至49.27%(平均值,持续扰动)和57.92%(平均值,反复扰动).这表明单纯地以悬浮物中的NH4Cl-P、非闭蓄态Fe/Al-P等易释放态磷来估算BAPP是不合理的.     

藻类与扰动共存下水体中不同形态磷的数量分布规律

以太湖梅梁湾的沉积物和上覆水为研究材料,研究了铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)与扰动共存下,水体中不同形态磷的数量分布以及不同藻类对水体中形态磷分布的贡献.结果表明,无论扰动与否,上覆水中总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)、溶解性磷酸盐(DIP)、生物有效磷(BAP)均呈降低趋势.但是,在扰动和无扰动条件下,铜绿微囊藻和羊角月牙藻对DTP和DIP的吸收能力恰好相反.水体中磷的消失主要归于颗粒物质的物理化学吸附和藻类的生物利用作用,但扰动与否两者对磷消失的贡献率明显不同.无扰动状态下,铜绿微囊藻和羊角月牙藻对DTP和DIP的吸收能力均在60%左右;而扰动状态下,两者对DTP和DIP的吸收能力分别下降至40%和25%.磷在沉积物不同形态磷间的数量分布也发生明显变化.无论扰动与否,NH_4Cl-P与钙磷(Ca-P)均有所降低,Fe/Al-P则增加,但扰动下NH_4Cl-P与Ca-P下降幅度与Fe/Al-P升高幅度均更大.与铜绿微囊藻相比,羊角月牙藻更有利于Ca-P的释放和Fe/Al-P的形成.     

沉积物扰动频率对悬浮物中形态磷数量分布的影响

实验模拟了沉积物在不同扰动频率条件下的悬浮过程,研究了悬浮物中不同形态磷的数量分布规律,并且探讨了形态磷数量分布对生物有效磷(BAP)的影响。结果表明,扰动作用下上覆水中溶解性磷酸盐(DIP)含量低于对照试验,与较小频率(0.015 mg/L)相比,较大扰动频率下DIP平衡浓度(0.011 mg/L)略低。弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P)含量降低,铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)和钙结合态磷(HCl-P)则有所增加,但是容易释放的非闭蓄态Fe/Al-P(藻类可利用磷)则有所降低。随着扰动时间延长,藻类可利用态磷(AAP)占Fe/Al-P的百分比逐渐降低。试验结束,该值分别降至39.52%(扰动频率较小)和27.68%(扰动频率较大)。说明闭蓄态Fe/Al-P含量有所增加。基于Fe/Al-P的迁移活性,采用NH4Cl-P与AAP估算BAP是合理的。扰动作用下,BAP占Tot-P的百分比逐渐降低,试验结束,BAP占Tot-P的百分比分别降至36.71%(扰动频率较小)和29.67%(扰动频率较大)。     

湖泊沉积物短时间反复扰动下悬浮物上生物有效磷的动态变化

以太湖梅梁湾、月亮湾的沉积物和上覆水为材料,研究了较短时间尺度和沉积物反复扰动条件下,悬浮物中不同形态生物有效磷数量分布的变化特征.结果表明,随着扰动次数的增加,上覆水中藻类可利用磷(AAP)占溶解态总磷(DTP)的百分比均有所降低.试验期间,悬浮物中弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P)、可被生物利用颗粒态磷(BAPP)占总磷(Tot-P)的百分比平均值分别增加了3.5%、37.3%(梅梁湾)和2.0%、50.7%(月亮湾).梅梁湾悬浮物上AAP含量及其占Tot-P的百分比随扰动次数增加而增加,月亮湾则恰好相反.扰动期间,悬浮物上BAPP含量始终大于NH4Cl-P和AAP之和,表明BAPP的80%是由NH4Cl-P和AAP组成的.这也暗示了,仅仅以悬浮物中NH4Cl-P、AAP来估算BAPP存在一定的不合理性.     

不同扰动强度下城市重污染河道底泥对磷吸收和固定的影响

以重污染河道底泥和上覆水为材料,研究了周期性加入外源磷条件下,不同扰动强度下底泥吸附和固定磷的作用机制.结果表明,扰动可以增加底泥对外源磷的吸附,而且扰动强度越大,底泥对外源磷吸附效率越高.另外,尽管加入的磷以溶解性磷酸盐(DIP)形态存在,但扰动强化了DIP向颗粒态磷(PP)的转化,从而降低了水体中生物可利用磷含量.内源磷形态分析表明,弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P)呈降低趋势,而铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)、钙结合态磷(HCl-P)和残渣磷(Res-P)均呈增加趋势,但以Fe/Al-P增加幅度最大(占总磷的百分比超过80%,以3种扰动强度下平均值计).结合到非闭蓄态Fe/Al-P中的外源磷逐渐增加占Fe/Al-P净增加量的百分比分别为37.49%(100 r·min-1)、42.32%(200 r·min-1)、54.24%(300r·min-1),导致闭蓄态铁铝结合态磷净增加量占总磷净增加量的百分比随扰动强度增加有所降低,同样,钙结合态磷的变化趋势也基本一致.说明在较短的时间尺度上和较大的扰动强度下,连续加入的外源磷主要以易释放态磷形式存在,即底泥对外源磷的吸附以暂时性的持留为主.     

河蚬或藻存在下组合扰动对内源磷迁移的影响

为阐明河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)或铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)存在下,物理和摇蚊幼虫组合扰动对内源磷再生和迁移转化的影响,以太湖梅梁湾上覆水和沉积物为研究对象,分析了上覆水、间隙水、沉积物中不同形态磷的变化规律.结果表明,与摇蚊幼虫扰动和组合扰动相比,河蚬或藻类的出现都会使得上覆水中不同形态磷(总磷、溶解性总磷、溶解性磷酸盐、颗粒态磷)显著增加.河蚬或藻类均导致间隙水DIP明显降低,并致使DIP峰值区域向更深处迁移(3~4cm变为4~5cm),而对照试验则相反.与对照试验相比,河蚬或藻存在下组合扰动均导致0~4cm沉积物NH₄Cl-P含量及其占总磷百分比降低,Fe/Al-P含量及其占总磷百分比增加,并且河蚬或藻对NH₄Cl-P降低和Fe/Al-P增加的影响基本一致.在多种扰动因素存下,摇蚊幼虫对上覆水中DTP和DIP贡献最大,后者可能源于摇蚊幼虫显著降低了间隙水中DIP含量及沉积物中NH₄Cl-P含量.这暗示了在组合扰动基础上叠加河蚬或者藻类,均进一步促进了内源磷再生和迁移.     

物理和摇蚊幼虫组合扰动对内源磷再生和形态转化的协同作用

为探讨物理和摇蚊幼虫组合扰动对内源磷再生和形态转化的协同作用,选取了苏州某富营养化河道为研究对象.利用室内静态培养试验和Rhizon间隙水采样技术,着重对比了单纯的摇蚊幼虫扰动和组合扰动下,上覆水、间隙水、沉积物中磷形态数量分布的变化规律.结果表明,组合扰动下,上覆水中不同形态磷含量(TP、PP、DTP、DIP)均处于较高水平,明显高于摇蚊幼虫扰动.这可归因于微生物活性的显著增加.与摇蚊幼虫扰动相比,组合扰动下,间隙水中DIP和Fe2+浓度的降低幅度和降低范围明显更大.这主要是由于物理扰动和底栖生物扰动产生的叠加效应,导致溶解氧渗透深度增加.另外,0~2 cm沉积物中,NH4Cl-P含量明显降低,Fe/Al-P明显增加,并且,NH4Cl-P和Fe/Al-P的变化幅度均在组合扰动下最大.这暗示了物理扰动和底栖生物扰动对磷再生和迁移产生的叠加效应.     

反复扰动下磷在沉积物和悬浮物以及上覆水间的交换

以太湖梅梁湾和月亮湾沉积物为研究对象,分析了沉积物反复扰动下磷在沉积物、悬浮物、上覆水间的交换规律.结果表明,反复扰动下,上覆水中TP和PP浓度降低;DTP则是在第8 d达到平衡浓度,分别稳定在0.019 mg·L-1(梅梁湾)和0.039 mg·L-1(月亮湾);DIP则发生了释放,随后降低,DIP的释放主要与沉积物中NH4Cl-P含量最大有关.第8 d达到平衡浓度,分别稳定在0.013 mg·L-1(梅梁湾)和0.028 mg·L-1(月亮湾).与上覆水中溶解氧的变化规律吻合.另外,扰动过程中梅梁湾上覆水DTP和DIP均明显高于月亮湾.由于扰动作用,悬浮物和沉积物上不同形态磷(NH4Cl-P、Fe/Al-P、HCl-P)数量分布发生明显变化.扰动过程中,梅梁湾悬浮物上NH4Cl-P、Fe/Al-P、HCl-P含量逐渐降低,而同一时间段上覆水中不同形态磷含量同样降低,但沉积物上NH4Cl-P、Fe/Al-P、HCl-P含量逐渐增加.尽管月亮湾的趋势不如梅梁湾显著,但总体趋势一致,暗示悬浮物在磷交换过程中所起的媒介作用.     

京杭大运河(苏州段)内源磷形态分布及其对扰动的响应

以京杭大运河(苏州段)不同外源汇入断面的沉积物和上覆水为实验材料,研究了扰动条件下上覆水、沉积物中不同形态磷数量分布及形态转化过程.结果表明,污水厂尾水排放口处的沉积物内源磷更容易释放,且扰动期间上覆水中不同形态磷(TP、PP、DTP、DIP)均处于较高水平,明显高于风景区和居民区,此外,也归因于水丝蚓的生物扰动.但随着扰动次数的增加,上覆水中各形态磷含量呈降低趋势.扰动显著改变了上覆水中形态磷分布规律,DIP/DTP、DIP/TP及DIP/DTP比值呈降低趋势,并在第11 d以后趋于稳定,但在有水丝蚓扰动下,改变幅度变小.扰动导致沉积物中不同形态磷含量发生变化,NH_4Cl-P含量明显降低,Fe/Al-P明显增加,其中,污水厂尾水排放口沉积物中NH4Cl-P和Fe/Al-P的变化幅度最大.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.