西北工业城市冬季PM2.5污染特征及理化性质

为研究西北工业城市冬季PM_2.5污染特征及理化性质,以甘肃省白银市为例,采用单颗粒气溶胶质谱等相关仪器,开展实时在线PM_2.5化学组分观测,与兰州市同期进行对比分析.结果表明,观测期间白银市PM_2.5浓度（44.89 μg·m^-3）显著低于同期兰州市（70.69 μg·m^-3）,但含重金属颗粒物占比（7.84%）明显高于兰州市（2.92%）,化学组分复杂,PM_2.5以较大粒径颗粒物贡献为主;白银含Cu、Pb和Zn颗粒物粒径分布范围较宽,其中含Cu和Zn颗粒物数量、颗粒物混合比多大于兰州市;主要污染源为汽车尾气30.91%和二次无机源13.00%,机动车尾气贡献均高于其他对比城市;2020年1月4日发生的污染过程主要由汽车尾气和二次无机源贡献增加引起,加之前期气象扩散条件较差.白银冬季PM_2.5污染治理应以汽车尾气和二次无机源减排为主,同时加强大气重金属污染管控.     

2014年APEC期间北京市PM10和PM2.5氧化性损伤能力研究

为评估APEC会议期间联防联控措施对北京市大气可吸入颗粒物毒性的影响,采集2014年APEC会议前后3个月北京市大气PM₁₀和PM_2.5样品,应用质粒DNA损伤评价法来研究其氧化性损伤能力. 结果表明,APEC会议期间PM₁₀对DNA的损伤率高于PM_2.5,颗粒物对 DNA损伤率随剂量的增加而增加. 本研究用TD30值来指示颗粒物氧化性损伤能力,TD30为引起30%的DNA损伤率所需要的颗粒物剂量（单位为 μg·mL^-1）,TD30值越低,颗粒物氧化性损伤能力越强,APEC会议前后样品的TD30值表现为 APEC期间（11月）>APEC前（10月）>APEC后（12月）,说明氧化能力APEC后 >APEC前 >APEC期间. 用PM₁₀质量浓度乘上其在250 μg·mL^-1 剂量下的DNA损伤率得到颗粒物暴露毒性指数TI（toxic index）,与往年具有代表性月份样品的数据对比,TI大小顺序为2004年 >2014年 >2008年,说明大气中颗粒物暴露毒性随着政策控制力度的加大而降低.     

PM2.5暴露诱发人支气管上皮细胞16HBE铁死亡

为了进一步揭示PM_2.5暴露对肺的毒性损伤作用,本工作采用16HBE人肺支气管细胞,检测了PM_2.5暴露后16HBE的细胞活性、细胞中铁含量、GSH含量、LPO和MDA的产生情况.结果显示,PM_2.5（200 μg·mL^-1）处理16HBE细胞24 h后可导致细胞存活率下降、细胞铁含量增加、细胞内LPO和MDA生成量增加、GSH含量降低,而铁死亡抑制剂DFOM （6.25 μmol·L^-1）及Fer-1（12.50 μmol·L^-1）可以显著减轻PM_2.5对细胞的毒性损伤作用,抑制MDA的产生,减少GSH的损耗.透射电子显微镜的形态学观察显示,PM_2.5暴露诱导细胞出现铁死亡的特征性线粒体超微结构改变,qPCR检测结果进一步提示PM_2.5暴露后细胞内铁死亡相关基因FTH1、NCOA4和ALOX15的表达量显著性增加,GPX4显著降低.结果说明PM_2.5暴露引起支气管上皮细胞16HBE发生铁死亡.     

道路扬尘排放因子建立方法与应用

排放因子是分析污染源排放特征和建立排放清单的基础数据,本研究对典型道路进行积尘负荷采样和实验室筛分分析,通过再悬浮系统和颗粒物粒径谱仪对道路扬尘粒径分布和粒径乘数进行测量,调查道路车型构成并计算车重,以北京市通州区为例应用模型法建立本地化的道路扬尘PM_2.5排放因子.结果表明,不同类型道路的扬尘颗粒物粒径分布在<2.5 μm范围内的质量比例较为接近,道路扬尘中PM_2.5与PM₁₀比值在0.28~0.32之间;不同类型道路的PM_2.5粒度乘数在0.18~0.20 g·（km·辆）^-1之间,高速路、国道、省道、县道和乡道的PM_2.5排放因子分别为0.06、0.14、0.31、0.30和0.39 g·（km·辆）^-1.积尘负荷采样、再悬浮粒径分布测量和排放因子模型计算,是道路扬尘排放因子本地化的可行方法.在建立道路扬尘排放因子过程中,粒径乘数可以应用默认值,由于不同类型道路的积尘负荷差异较大,需要分道路类型或按车流量级别进行积尘负荷采样分析,对排放因子进行本地化.     

2013年1月邯郸市严重霾天气的污染特征分析

利用河北工程大学大气环境监测站点的PM₁₀、PM_2.5、SO₂和NO_x在线监测数据,并结合能见度、湿度数据,对邯郸市2012年12月1日到2013年1月31日的大气污染状况进行分析,特别是2013年1月持续发生的霾天气,以探讨严重霾污染的过程特征.结果表明,2013年1月,SO₂与NO_x的平均浓度分别为225.3 μg·m^-3和217.8 μg·m^-3,PM₁₀和PM_2.5的平均浓度分别为328.5 μg·m^-3和229.4 μg·m^-3,均超过新颁布的环境空气质量标准,是2012年12月平均浓度的1.4~3.5倍.重污染过程分析结果显示,污染峰值附近几天内PM₁₀、PM_2.5的时均浓度变化无明显规律.累积阶段的PM_2.5/PM₁₀在0.42~0.52之间,峰值前后上升并超过0.70,扩散阶段PM_2.5/PM₁₀降到0.70以下,且呈波动式变化.当PM_2.5/PM₁₀小于0.40时,能见度基本位于2~18 km之间;当PM_2.5/PM₁₀在0.40~0.60之间时,能见度在0.7~8 km之间;当PM_2.5/PM₁₀大于0.60时,能见度分布于2 km以下.     

PM2.5暴露对肺AQP1表达的影响研究

为研究肺水通道蛋白1（AQP1）在PM_2.5暴露引起肺损伤中的作用,本文首先在细胞水平上检测了PM_2.5暴露对肺上皮细胞A549的细胞存活率、细胞AQP1的mRNA和蛋白表达变化,以及AQP1在细胞内的表达定位的影响.另外,将10只雄性SD大鼠随机分为2组：对照组和PM _2.5染毒组（1.5 mg·kg^-1体重）,每组5只,采用气管滴注法染毒,每隔1 d染毒1次,共2周,制备PM_2.5暴露大鼠模型,进一步观察PM_2.5暴露对大鼠肺AQP1表达及肺组织损伤的影响情况.结果显示,PM_2.5暴露可引起肺上皮细胞A549形态异常和存活率降低.PM_2.5暴露后的24 h内A549细胞的AQP1 mRNA及蛋白相对表达水平先升高,并在暴露后的12 h内达到最高水平,然后有所下降;免疫荧光结果也证实AQP1蛋白在PM_2.5暴露后表达水平升高,并呈现从细胞质向细胞膜定位的过程;用PM_2.5暴露处理SD大鼠肺组织中AQP1表达亦显著增加,并且肺组织出现肺泡隔增厚,并有广泛的水肿充血及炎症细胞浸润.总之,PM_2.5暴露可诱导A549细胞及大鼠肺组织内AQP1的表达升高,可能参与PM_2.5暴露引起的肺病理性损伤过程.     

2016-2018年西宁市颗粒物来源及输送差异分析

利用HYSPLIT模式计算了2016—2018年西宁市逐日72 h气团后向轨迹,采用聚类分析方法,结合同期颗粒物PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度数据,分析逐年和3年平均西宁市颗粒物输送特征及差异,运用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）对影响西宁市PM₁₀和PM_2.5质量浓度的污染潜在源区及不同潜在源区贡献进行了分析.结果表明,2016—2018年,西宁市颗粒物最主要输送路径源自青海北部的聚类2、甘肃中部的聚类6和甘肃东部的聚类8,占同期总轨迹比例分别为28.1%、27.4%和27.5%;3年平均则源自青海北经青海东折回西宁的聚类2,占比45.3%.最主要输送路径对应颗粒物质量浓度最低,输送距离较短、垂直高度较低、气团移速较慢;影响气团由西北向偏东转变,3年平均则以西北气团为主.2018年源自甘肃经青海东至西宁的短距离输送处于突出地位,所含轨迹占总轨迹的比例高达49.6%.PM₁₀和PM_2.5主要输送路径和污染路径由较长距离向较短距离过渡,较长距离输送路径出现比例逐年较小.PM_2.5/PM₁₀小于0.3时,主要输送路径与PM₁₀污染轨迹有很好的对应关系;PM_2.5/PM₁₀大于0.6时,主要输送路径与PM_2.5污染轨迹有较好的对应关系.PSCF和CWT分析发现,影响西宁市颗粒物质量浓度的主要污染潜在源区分布在新疆南部和青海北部,对PM₁₀质量浓度贡献大于100 μg·m^-3,对PM_2.5质量浓度贡献大于45 μg·m^-3.潜在源区分布年变化差异明显,2016年最广,2018年最小.印度北部主要贡献源区虽分布范围逐年减小,但在2017年局部贡献增大,对PM₁₀贡献超250 μg·m^-3,对PM_2.5贡献超60 μg·m^-3.主要贡献区周边区域及西宁至兰州一带为中等贡献源区,对PM₁₀贡献为50~100 μg·m^-3,对PM_2.5贡献为15~45 μg·m^-3.     

可吸入颗粒物生物活性及其微观特征分析

采用质粒DNA评价法研究了2004年春季北京市区和郊区上甸子(本底区)PM₁₀的生物活性.结果表明,郊区上甸子2个PM₁₀的TD20值(引起20%质粒DNA损伤所需要的颗粒物剂量)分别为53μg·mL^-1和<50μg·mL^-1,市区2个PM₁₀的TD20值分别为125μg·mL^-1和100μg·mL^-1,说明郊区PM₁₀的生物活性明显高于市区.同时利用高分辨率场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和图像分析技术,从PM₁₀微观特征上进行了生物活性差异的原因分析,认为其原因有:①上甸子PM₁₀中以细颗粒物为主,在0～0.7μm粒度范围内的细颗粒物的数量百分含量明显高于市区PM₁₀,而表面积则在0～1.0μm的范围内高于市区;②市区PM₁₀中以粒度较大的矿物颗粒物为主,而上甸子PM10则以生物活性较大的烟尘为主,数量百分含量高达58.8%.因此PM₁₀质量浓度并非评价可吸入颗粒物健康效应的唯一指标,颗粒物的粒度分布和类型可能在其生物活性中起重要作用.     

基于无人机垂直观测塔克拉玛干沙漠一次沙尘污染过程研究

利用多旋翼无人机于2021年7月30—31日对塔克拉玛干沙漠的塔中（飞行高度0~2000 m）、民丰地区（飞行高度0~1000 m）不同粒径 颗粒物浓度、气温、相对湿度和风速进行垂直观测,结合多地面站点、再分析资料、后向轨迹模型和卫星遥感数据,对沙尘污染过程中的影响 因素、颗粒物垂直分布特征及污染成因进行了分析.结果表明：①近地面低气温、高相对湿度、高风速的气象条件有利于沙尘污染事件的发生,通过无人机探测数据发现高相对湿度有利于颗粒物吸湿增长,气温和风速的上升能够加强大气对流运动,有利于污染物的输送.②在沙尘污染期间,塔中地区PM₁、PM_2.5和PM₁₀的浓度分别为0.8~45.7、1.0~267.0和1.0~588.7 μg·m^-3;民丰地区PM₁、PM_2.5和PM₁₀的浓度分别为21.5~126.9、39.6~263.6和48.5~520.6 μg·m^-3.③在沙尘污染期间,塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地颗粒物组成以粗颗粒物为主,南缘则以细颗粒物为主.民丰地区PM₁/PM_2.5比值（0.48~0.55）和PM_2.5/PM₁₀比值（0.55~0.83）在同时刻均高于塔中地区（PM₁/PM_2.5为0.18~0.33, PM_2.5/PM₁₀为0.33~0.51）.④天气形势和后向轨迹表明,此次污染主要由西风环流导致,气团分别从北面翻越天山和东面绕道进入塔克拉玛干沙漠,携带了塔克拉玛干沙漠东部地区沙尘颗粒和新疆北部人为污染物.⑤CALIPSO卫星数据表明,此次污染中气溶胶存在于海拔1~8 km之间,主要集中在低层（消光系数在 海拔1.0~2.2 km左右最大）.气溶胶类型为沙尘气溶胶、污染沙尘气溶胶和烟雾气溶胶,其中,沙尘气溶胶占主要部分.     

两湖盆地冬季区域大气颗粒物污染特征及独特的风场和下垫面影响

为认识近年来长江流域中游两湖（湖南-湖北）盆地大气环境变化特征,本文利用两湖盆地2015~2019年冬季近地面PM_2.5和PM₁₀观测数据,结合风速、地形和植被指数等资料,探讨两湖盆地冬季大气颗粒物PM_2.5和PM₁₀的变化特征及其与风速、地形和下垫面的关联.结果表明：①两湖盆地2015~2019年冬季PM_2.5污染频发,其中两湖盆地西北部的襄阳和荆门的冬季平均分别多达62 d和61 d出现PM_2.5污染（PM_2.5>75 μg·m^-3）,襄阳重污染（PM_2.5>150 μg·m^-3）多达19 d,表明两湖盆地是长江流域中游地区一个区域性PM_2.5污染中心.②在空间上,两湖盆地污染呈现出西北重东南轻、城市群污染较重的特征,这主要与冬季风驱动的大气污染物的区域传输和两湖盆地城市地区的强排放有关.③近地面风速与PM_2.5和PM₁₀地面浓度变化呈现特殊的"U"型非线性关系,PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度拐点值分别为153 μg·m^-3和210 μg·m^-3,揭示了两湖盆地局地大气颗粒物累积主导了轻/中度污染,大气污染物区域传输决定了重度污染的独特区域特征.④两湖盆地冬季PM_2.5和PM₁₀地面浓度与地形高度和植被指数均呈显著负相关,反映了两湖盆地地形和城市化下垫面变化的大气环境效应.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.