热碱处理污泥协同餐厨垃圾两相厌氧消化的特性

以热碱处理后的污泥和餐厨垃圾为原料,采用中温两相厌氧消化工艺,研究不同配比的污泥与餐厨垃圾的基质转化规律、产甲烷性能及系统稳定性等特性。结果表明:溶解性多糖及蛋白质在产酸阶段被大量消耗,二者去除率最高分别可达97.2%和70.4%,而餐厨垃圾比例占优的实验组,固态蛋白质溶出速率大于溶解性蛋白质水解速率。热碱污泥与餐厨垃圾混合厌氧消化的产气性能及稳定性明显得到提升,其中混合比例为2∶3的混合组产甲烷性能最佳,甲烷产率达261.6 mL/gVS,比单独餐厨垃圾消化组提升了29.6%,产甲烷过程中8 d实现了80%的甲烷产量,VS去除率最高达45.7%,产甲烷阶段VFAs/碱度小于0.2,系统稳定未出现酸化现象。     

蒸汽爆破对污泥和餐厨垃圾联合厌氧消化的促进效果

鉴于蒸汽爆破（简称"汽爆"）预处理对污泥和餐厨垃圾联合厌氧消化的影响还鲜有报道,为探讨汽爆预处理对污泥和餐厨垃圾联合中温厌氧消化的促进效果及经济可行性,利用小型发酵罐在35℃下开展了未预处理污泥和餐厨垃圾联合消化、汽爆污泥单独消化、汽爆污泥和餐厨垃圾联合消化的试验,并进行能耗分析.结果表明,未预处理污泥与餐厨垃圾联合消化阶段,VS（挥发性固体）去除率为33.9%,沼气产率为311.0 mL/g（以投料VS计）;汽爆污泥单独消化阶段,VS去除率和沼气产率均略高于未预处理污泥与餐厨垃圾联合消化阶段,但反应器ρ（NH₄+-N）过高,影响产气稳定性,沼气φ（CH₄）较低.汽爆污泥与餐厨垃圾联合消化阶段,VS去除率和沼气产率分别达到49.5%和420.5 mL/g,显著优于未预处理联合消化阶段.能耗分析表明,预处理的升温过程使汽爆预处理整体能耗偏高,但若能有效回收70%的热量,则汽爆预处理可提高污泥-餐厨垃圾联合中温厌氧消化工艺3.34 kW·h/t（以污泥量计）的能量产率.研究显示,汽爆预处理可提高污泥和餐厨垃圾联合中温厌氧消化工艺35.2%的沼气产率,但由于预处理能耗较高,预处理过程中热能的有效回收是汽爆预处理应用于污泥和餐厨垃圾联合中温厌氧消化经济可行的关键.      

餐厨垃圾与污泥、秸秆不同配比联合厌氧发酵对产气性能的影响

为分析不同配比的餐厨垃圾与污泥、秸秆联合发酵对产气性能的影响,采用产甲烷潜力试验（BMP）研究了餐厨垃圾与污泥、秸秆不同配比联合发酵的产气性能,并采用修正的Gompertz模型对产甲烷潜力进行模拟.结果表明:物料配比与物料种类对联合发酵的产气性能有显著影响,餐厨垃圾+污泥配比为1:2时,产气性能优于1:1、2:1两组,产气量为286 mL/g[以VS（挥发性固体）计,下同];餐厨垃圾+秸秆配比为1:1时,产气性能优于1:2、2:1两组,产气量为347 mL/g;餐厨垃圾+污泥+秸秆配比为1:1:1时,产气性能优于1:2:1、2:1:1两组,产气量为373 mL/g.两种物料配比中,餐厨垃圾+秸秆的产气性能优于餐厨垃圾+污泥;餐厨垃圾+污泥+秸秆3种物料混合后物料种类变丰富,元素配比更均衡,联合发酵的产气性能优于两种物料联合发酵,其最优配比为1:1:1,C/N值为13,接近最优C/N值（15~20）.研究显示,不同配比物料产气性能差异性较大,可为大中型沼气工程在获得不同物料的情况下选择最优的进料配比提供理论指导,以解决其在设计与投资收益评估方面所面临的物料选择问题.      

污泥停留时间对餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥中温厌氧混合发酵系统的影响

采用连续搅拌釜式反应器(CSTR)成功启动了餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥混合发酵平行系统,重点探究了不同污泥停留时间(SRT)缩减幅度对于餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统的影响。结果表明,较大幅度的缩减SRT(8.3d)提升反应器运行负荷,不利于反应器的稳定运行;随着反应器运行负荷的增加,SRT缩减幅度应逐渐降低(5~0.9d),能够取得餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统的高负荷稳定运行。经过282d的运行,CSTR混合发酵系统能够在SRT为9.1d,进料负荷(以COD计)为(12.9±1.5)g·(L·d)-1的条件下稳定运行,相应的甲烷产量为3.94~4.25L·(L·d)-1,甲烷产率(以COD计)为288~302mL·g-1,pH和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA,以COD计)分别稳定在7.80~7.83和0.32~0.39g·L-1。此外,还探究了高负荷条件下餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵污泥特性,结果表明,餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统甲烷转化途径以乙酸转化途径为主,具有较高的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸的产甲烷活性和辅酶F420的浓度。     

污泥停留时间对餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥中温厌氧混合发酵系统的影响

采用连续搅拌釜式反应器(CSTR)成功启动了餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥混合发酵平行系统,重点探究了不同污泥停留时间(SRT)缩减幅度对于餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统的影响.结果表明,较大幅度地缩减SRT( 8. 3 d)提升反应器运行负荷,不利于反应器的稳定运行;随着反应器运行负荷的增加,SRT缩减幅度应逐渐降低(5～0. 9 d),能够取得餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统的高负荷稳定运行.经过282 d的运行,CSTR混合发酵系统能够在SRT为9. 1 d,进料负荷(以COD计)为(12. 9±1. 5) g·(L·d)~(-1)的条件下稳定运行,相应的甲烷产量为3. 94～4. 25 L·(L·d)~(-1),甲烷产率(以COD计)为288～302 m L·g-1,p H和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA,以COD计)分别稳定在7. 80～7. 83和0. 32～0. 39 g·L-1.此外,还探究了高负荷条件下餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵污泥特性,结果表明,餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统甲烷转化途径以乙酸转化途径为主,具有较高的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸的产甲烷活性和辅酶F420的质量摩尔浓度.     

餐厨垃圾渗滤液强化城市污泥消化作用研究

针对城市污水厂污泥热值低、C/N比低,厌氧消化效率低的问题,结合餐厨垃圾渗滤液中有机物含量高、C/N比高的特点,研究了城市污泥、餐厨垃圾渗滤液共消化过程.结果表明:垃圾渗滤液的添加促进了污泥厌氧消化甲烷气的产生,添加生、熟垃圾渗滤液的消化污泥累计产甲烷量分别为542 mL、2102 mL,是未添加渗滤液(参照样)的污泥消化产气量的1.2倍、4.6倍,甲烷单位产量分别为261(参照样)、675.8、971.0L·kg-1(以VS计);同污泥单独厌氧消化相比,添加生、熟垃圾渗滤液能强化污泥VS/TS的去除,其去除率分别为15.3%和26.3%;通过共消化,污泥上清液的SCOD去除率均高于90%,出水COD也基本一致,并未因垃圾渗滤液的添加而发生大的波动.污泥与餐厨垃圾渗滤液的共消化能够促进有机物的去除,强化甲烷气的产生,实现了污泥与渗滤液的稳定化、无害化和资源化.     

微生物来源对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产氢的影响

微生物来源对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产氢的影响很大。在添加剂抑制耗氢菌的前提下,单独一种接种的条件下,剩余污泥的产氢效果是最好的,氢气的浓度和产量都最大,分别为47.1%和100.0 mLH2/g VS,其次是矿化污泥和矿化垃圾,颗粒污泥体系氢气的产量最少,分别为88.6 mLH2/g VS,57.8 mLH2/g VS和36.8 mLH2/g VS,其中颗粒污泥体系产生了甲烷气体而另外3中反应体系中并未检测到甲烷。污泥和矿化污泥混合后,在实验时间内,能够提高氢气的产量到106.4 mLH2/g VS,其余的混合体系的氢气的浓度和产量都较单独的剩余污泥体系的差。     

污泥和餐厨垃圾联合干法中温厌氧消化性能研究

采用完全混合式反应器R1～R5(进料脱水污泥与餐厨垃圾的湿重混合比分别为1:0、4:1、3:2、2:3和0:1),在半连续运行的状态下,考察了停留时间(solid retention time,SRT)为20 d时脱水污泥和餐厨垃圾混合干法厌氧消化的产气性能、有机质降解性能和系统稳定性.结果表明,随着进料中餐厨垃圾所占比例的增大,系统的产气率和甲烷产率呈上升趋势,产气中甲烷含量呈下降趋势,污泥中添加餐厨垃圾有助于在利用原有消化罐容积的前提下显著提高有机负荷和体积产气率.餐厨垃圾比例越大,混合物料的水解速率常数越大,有机质降解率越高,R1～R4中有机质水解速率常数分别为0.25、0.61、1.09和1.56 d-1,有机质降解率分别为37.4%、50.6%、60.7%和68.2%,水解速率差异是导致VS降解率不同的主要原因.随着餐厨垃圾比例的增大,系统内pH、总碱度(total alkalinity,TA)、总氨氮(total ammonia nitrogen,TAN)和游离氨氮(free ammonianitrogen,FAN)呈下降趋势,当污泥中添加的餐厨垃圾提高60%时,系统内pH、总碱度、总氨氮和游离氨氮分别下降6%、16%、22%和75%.游离氨和Na+分别是影响污泥和餐厨垃圾单独干法消化稳定性的重要因素,污泥和餐厨垃圾混合消化可降低潜在抑制性物质的浓度,显著提高系统稳定性.     

市政污泥与餐厨垃圾混合两相厌氧消化研究

为了使污泥和餐厨垃圾2类固体废弃物得到更加资源化处理,将污水厂污泥和餐厨垃圾按TS之比4∶1进行混合两相厌氧消化,研究产甲烷相中不同的投配率对发酵效果的影响,试验设定的3个投配率分别为8%、12%和16%。研究结果表明,产甲烷相中投配率为16%时,系统稳定时总的SCOD去除率和总的VS去除率最高,分别74%和88.07%;日产气量最大,为888.07 mL/(g VS·d);产气中甲烷的百分含量最高,为74%。因此产甲烷相中投配率16%是本实验的最佳投配率。     

餐厨垃圾与秸秆混合中温和高温厌氧消化对比

餐厨垃圾与秸秆混合厌氧消化可有效改善两者单独厌氧消化易出现的挥发性脂肪酸积累和木质纤维素难以降解等问题,并回收生物质能.在中温(35℃)和高温(55℃)条件下,对餐厨垃圾与秸秆混合厌氧消化进行了序批式试验研究.结果表明,进料的挥发性固体(VS)浓度为3 kg·m~(-3),中温条件下,物料进料比(VS/VS)为9∶1时,单位有机负荷累积甲烷产量达到最高,为272.0 mL·g~(-1);高温条件下,进料比为5∶5时,单位有机负荷累积甲烷产量达到最高,为402.3 mL·g~(-1),分别显著高于两温度条件下餐厨垃圾单独厌氧消化的结果(中温218.6 mL·g~(-1),高温322.0 mL·g~(-1)).高温条件下物料中的碳流向甲烷的比例高于中温,且两物料混合消化促进碳流向甲烷.高温下木质纤维素总降解率为34.7%~45.8%,高于中温的12.6%~42.2%.利用高通量测序技术检测细菌与古菌的16S rRNA基因序列信息和真菌的内转录间隔(ITS)序列信息,结果表明,高温下木质纤维素降解细菌和放线菌数量明显高于中温条件,可解释高温下木质纤维素总降解率更高的原因.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.