The dynamics of industrial symbiosis: a proposal for a conceptual framework based upon a comprehensive literature review

There is increasing evidence that throughout the world, firms, governmental agencies and NGOs are seeking to stimulate industrial symbiosis. This concept and its application have also been the topic of extensive research. Up till now, this work lacks a more comprehensive theoretical framework, and this paper fills this gap. We provide a theoretical basis for understanding the dynamics through which regional industrial systems change their connectiveness in an attempt to reduce their ecological impact. We position our framework within the field of industrial symbiosis based on a comprehensive literature search in the ISI Web of Science database for publications that listed ‘industrial symbiosis’, ‘eco-industrial park’, or a combination of ‘industrial-ecology’ and ‘regional’ as a topic.The framework conceptualizes industrial symbiosis as a process at two levels: (1) the level of the regional industrial system (RIS), and (2) the societal level where the concept and routines of industrial symbiosis diffuse. We link the dynamics at these levels to changes in ecological impact and increase in institutional capacity. We conclude with a research agenda based on the variables and their basic relationships specified in our framework. The main line of research we propose is to systematically investigate how institutional capacity evolves over time in regional industrial systems and how it affects the ecological impact of such systems. We also propose to investigate how insights from existing literature about stimulating and impeding factors to industrial symbiosis can be understood in terms of mechanisms of transmission and how these mechanisms interact to create nationally distinct patterns of diffusion of industrial symbiosis.     

浅谈乌克兰生态鉴定制度中的公众参与—兼谈对我国的启示

乌克兰实行的是与环境影响评价制度相类似的生态鉴定制度，该制度在制度设计的完备性、科学性、合理性，特别是保障公众参与环境管理和直接参与生态鉴定活动方面具有十分显著的特点。在简要介绍乌克兰生态鉴定制度的基础上，探讨其确保公众参与的几种途径，以期对我国相关的立法与实践有所启示。     

Aiming for sustainability in the tour operating business

Indications of what the tour-operating sector considers to be ‘good practice’ can be drawn from voluntary initiatives such as existing eco-labels and codes of conduct. However, practical implementation of such guidance varies greatly from one tour operator to another, depending on different types of factors, such as size, financial capacity, corporate structure, operational location, organizational culture, ownership type, etc.This paper investigates the dimensions of what is currently referred to as ‘good practice’ in the tour operating industry, with the aim of exploring their comprehensiveness and sufficiency as tools for making mass tourism a more sustainable business.     

Characterizing the change of land-use based on flora: application for EIA and LCA

The environmental impact of land-use can be expressed in terms of a change in biodiversity of flora. We present two models that characterize the negative effects of land-use: a model on the basis of species richness; a model on the basis of the rarity of ecosystems and their vascular plants. Each of those models may serve in the EIA (environmental impact assessment) of the urban and rural planning of expanding cities, industrial areas, road infrastructure, etc. Moreover, these models might be applied by Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) practitioners to incorporate the aspect of land-use in the environmental assessment of a specific product design. The results of both models have been applied in practice. Maps of The Netherlands are provided for both models. The map based on the rarity of ecosystems differentiates the best of what experts (biologists and ecologists) define as botanical quality of nature; the methodology is operational in The Netherlands and might be applied to other countries as well, however, detailed botanical information is required. The map based on species richness has a weaker compliance with the botanical quality of nature, however, the model can more easily be applied to a wider area of the world, since indicative data about species richness is available on a global scale. The so called ‘eco-costs of land conversion’ is proposed as a single indicator, being the marginal costs of prevention (or compensation) of the negative environmental effects on biodiversity caused by change of land-use. These ‘eco-costs of land conversion’ for the botanical aspects are part of the much broader model of the eco-costs/value ratio, which has recently been published in this journal [Vogtländer et al., Journal of Cleaner Production 2002;10:57–671].     

江苏省环保资金事前补助金额校正优化研究--以江苏省燃煤发电机组SCR脱硝工程为例

江苏省环保专项资金一般根据专家经验对项目核定后进行事前补助,事后开展针对项目财务支出的合规性评价,但忽视了专家核定补助金额是否合理。根据近3年江苏省燃煤发电机组SCR脱硝工艺典型项目审计报告,分析了项目审计核定支出额与专家核定支出额的规模(100 MW级及以下、300 MW级、600 MW级及以上)差异、区域(苏南、苏中、苏北)差异及其影响因素,发现100 MW级及以下机组环保资金审计核定支出额显著高于专家核定补助额,在剔除100 MW级及以下机组后,苏南地区项目环保资金审计核定支出额显著高于专家核定补助额,基于此提出了项目补助费用校正优化建议,为环保资金科学分配、提高财政资金支出效率提供了理论依据。     

大气环境容量A-P值法中A值的修正算法

A值是A-P值法计算大气环境容量的关键参数之一,合理确定A值有利于保护大气环境质量和维护大气污染物排放单位的利益.以单箱模型中A值法的基本原理为基础,采用《环境影响评价技术导则 大气环境》(HJ/T2.2-93)的公式法确定混合层厚度(H_i),对不同大气稳定度下计算A值的单箱模型法进行修正;以《制定地方大气污染物排放标准的技术方法》(GB/T13201－91)中给出的各地区A值的取值范围为基础,依据污染物日均质量浓度达标保证率,提出计算A值的达标保证率法,并根据确定达标保证率方法的不同细分为概率公式法和图表法,给出2种方法的使用说明.以长江三角洲地区某开发区为例,采用所提出的3种方法计算其A值,对计算结果进行可靠性验证,并对各计算方法的特点、适用情景进行了探讨.      

Non-market values of forest biodiversity and the impact of informing the general public: Insights from generalized multinomial logit estimations

Apart from the ethical argument around trade-off that individuals have to make between monetary and non-monetary value, application of stated preference method was exposed to another criticism related to the complexity of biodiversity issue and the capacity of the general public to provide accurate responses to willingness to pay elicitation survey. This paper tests how providing information about the ecological processes underlying forest management scenarios affects public preferences and their valuation of biodiversity in publicly owned forest land in France. The generalized multinomial logit models applied to choice experiment data suggests that all respondents adopt the same heuristics based on easily visible aspects of forest landscape, to reveal their use and nonuse values of biodiversity. However, when they receive additional ecological information, only those who are familiar with the biodiversity concept, have awareness of issues at stake, and have a regular use of forest tend to attach higher values to less known biodiversity component (fallen deadwood in this case). The paper concludes that “mass media campaign” has to be completed by environmental literacy programs, to improve people’s awareness and understanding of what biodiversity means from ecological functioning, then making economic valuation a useful tool from a conservation perspective.     

Product-related environmental information to guide consumer purchases – a review and analysis of research on perceptions,understanding and use among Nordic consumers

Informed product choices are a prerequisite for the greening of consumption. Nordic consumers are subject to an ever-growing amount of product-related environmental information that is available in a number of formats. The degree to which they use information is disputed. This paper reviews Nordic research on consumer perceptions, understanding and use of product-related environmental information. The majority of the publications point to a great number of consumers, who recognise, know and possess sufficient confidence in the main eco-labels and should therefore, be able to use them. However, this is not always the case. How the product-related environmental information works in the market place is dependent upon many determinants related to the purchasing moment. Therefore, in contrast to the majority of research on the topic, studies of the use of product-related environmental information suggests that the focus should be on the purchasing decision and take into account the dynamic context of the diverse purchasing situations.     

社会资本对生态补偿绩效的影响机制研究——以锡林郭勒盟草原生态补偿为例

通过对农户开展的问卷调查分析了锡林郭勒盟草原生态补偿绩效,结果表明生态补偿绩效不容乐观,农户感受到的生态环境状况仅有小幅度的改善,消除经济激励之后农户表现出较低的参与积极性.基于结构方程模型,以农户自我发展能力和生态保护能力为中介,构建社会资本对生态补偿绩效的影响机制模型.结果表明社会资本对经济效应表现出显著负影响;对生态效应表现出显著正影响.社会网络、普遍信任、机构信任、互助倾向和惩罚程度对于经济效应影响系数分别为-0.05、-0.05、-0.01、-0.06和-0.03;对于社会效应影响系数分别为0.11、0.10、0.03、0.12和0.06;对于生态效应影响系数分别为0.36、0.33、0.09、0.38和0.19.在社会资本5项维度中互助倾向反映度最高,机构信任最低,因子载荷分别为0.77和0.19.农户自我发展能力和生态保护能力在社会资本对生态补偿绩效影响中表现出显著中介作用.     

生态补偿对区域发展的影响——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

生态补偿给实施区带来许多影响,其有效性和持续性受到各种因素的挑战,全面评估生态补偿带来的影响是提高决策科学性的必要前提。基于多准则模糊分析模型,采用参与性农户评估方法对甘南牧民家庭进行调查,并根据分布区域将其分成纯牧区牧户、半牧区牧户和农区牧户,就实施生态补偿后对补给区内的经济、社会和环境变化造成的影响进行了分析。结果表明:①生态补偿的实施对区域发展的总体影响指数为3.39,影响程度较高,其中生态补偿对区域经济、社会发展和环境的影响指数分别为3.11、3.58和3.71;②受生态补偿的影响,研究区经济发展缓慢,其中对农户收入结构的变化影响最高,纯牧区和半牧区农户的人均收入和农畜产品商品率出现一定的下降;③受生态补偿的影响,牧民在环保意识和自身技能提高方面在三组间没有很大差异,纯牧区牧民具有更好的就业方式和维权意识,半牧区和农区牧民则对监督意识、参与意识、生活质量的提升具有更深感受;④生态补偿对环境改善的影响程度最高,影响指数为3.71,纯牧区牧民感受最为强烈,其次是半牧区和农区。     

A comparative analysis between composite indexes of environmental performance: An analysis on the CIEP and EPI

The measurement of environmental impact through composite indexes provides information about the effects of human activities on the ecosystem. Over recent years proposals regarding the environmental composite indexes (ECI) have emerged, suggesting that they can be used to help in decisions about public policies. Due the number of these indicators, issues arise about the asymmetry of information provided, although all ECI seek to measure ecosystem quality or damage. The present paper compares the Composite Index of Environmental Performance (CIEP) (García-Sánchez et al., 2015) and the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) (Hsu et al., 2014) in order to find convergent and divergent characteristics, studying methodological aspects and empirical evidence through statistical analysis, in order to favour the decision-making by stakeholders and to improve the existing ECI in order to determine adequately the environmental impact. The results show that the indexes were developed using different methods and variables, however, they share around 20% identical variables. Despite these differences, the rate of variation in ranking countries between the indexes is 21%, on average. The EPI policy category ‘water & sanitation (effects on humans)’ has two common variables and explains part of the CIEP performance. The effect dimension of the CIEP has one more identical variable and it reduces the individual variation between rank positions.     

新安江水库水环境主要问题及保护对策

新安江水库是钱塘江的重要水源,对保障钱塘江中下游的生态安全和水体功能起着举足轻重的作用。为阐明新安江水库在流域经济发展和人类活动的影响下水环境的主要问题及保护对策,促进饮用水安全保障及构建健康水域生态系统,本文对新安江水库历年的水环境指标、浮游生物群落结构及其变化及水域生态灾变事件资料进行了综合分析。目前新安江水库存在上游来水变差、局部水域藻类异常增殖、渔业生产不合理、营养程度加重等众多问题,但其突出问题是藻类生物量增长过快。新安江水库水环境保护工作要从关注水质向维持生态系统健康转变,并尽快开展生态保育工作,控制流域污染、降低藻类数量、减少藻类异常增殖影响、科学合理渔业生产是其下一步保护的关键。而关于新安江水库的研究,虽然有一定的研究基础和资料,但对水域生态系统缺乏系统认识。研究气候变化条件下新安江水库水域生态系统的结构和功能以及长期演变规律;水利调度导致水位调整对区域水动力学条件、营养物输送过程的影响及评价水利调度对水库重要环境因子和生态系统影响;渔业养殖对水环境的影响,特别是鲢、鳙鱼大水面积养殖对水库生态系统的影响应是今后新安江水库主要的研究领域和方向。     

差异化开展国土空间生态修复的思考

近年来,由于气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,生态系统承受了越来越大的压力。在一定程度上,这些压力改变了生态系统的结构和过程,降低了生态系统服务功能,对区域可持续发展形成了威胁。国土空间生态修复是推进生态文明建设的重大举措,也是应对以上生态系统问题的重要手段,我国已将其上升到国家战略的高度。但是,目前国土空间生态修复的相关研究尚缺乏系统的梳理,相关的国土空间生态修复工作也缺乏系统总结,不利于生态修复工作的深入开展。因此,亟需系统梳理我国生态修复相关工作的演进脉络,阐述不同时期国土空间生态修复目标、手段、区域的差异化,剖析当前我国开展国土空间生态修复工作遇到的问题,进而提出相关应对策略,以期裨益于我国新时期的国土空间生态修复工作。研究表明：（1）我国的生态修复研究经历了萌芽、早期实践及新时期国土空间生态修复的演进过程。各个时期生态修复目标、手段和区域的差异化明显。（2）当前,我国国土空间生态修复的主要问题是,生态方面的历史欠账多、现实矛盾多,生态系统功能问题较为突出,生态修复部门职责相对分散、履职较为矛盾,生态修复投入机制相对单一。（3）未来,应该分别依据生态问题时间维度、空间维度、行政与市场维度的差异化,分别开展有针对性的国土空间生态修复工作。     

辽东湾湿地重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

对辽东湾湿地采集的 1 6处水和 2 0处沉积物样品进行镉、铅、铜和锌含量分析 ,并用Haknson生态风险指数法对其污染程度进行潜在生态风险评价。结果表明 ,大凌河口、辽河口处污染程度和潜在生态风险略高 ,双台子河口及小凌河口等处污染程度及潜在生态风险较低。从总的污染程度看 ,各污染物对生态风险影响程度从大到小的顺序为 :Cd>Pb、Cu >Zn。     

网络有效性:评价旅游活动对环境影响的一个新指标

旅游会给环境带来一定的负面影响,而旅游区的游径往往是这种影响的集中体现地。游径的构建方式、空间格局在很大程度上决定了旅游对环境的影响程度。但目前景观生态学中相关的廊道指标不能对此做出有效的评价。论文以九寨沟国家级自然保护区为案例研究地,克服现有廊道指标只单一考虑空间特性的局限,将廊道的空间格局与生态功能结合起来,采用运筹学的方法,提出网络有效性这个新的指标。在九寨沟案例研究地的应用表明,与传统景观生态学指标连通度和环通度相比,网络有效性指标能够直观地反映游径的利用状况,也能够较好地反映旅游的环境影响程度,从而为旅游管理提供依据。     

‘Dynamic behavioral fingerprinting’: what drives the deployment of environmental information and communication capabilities?

This article investigates the impact of organizational drivers for the implementation of business process and network information and communication capabilities (ICCs) supporting cleaner production in the Dutch food and beverage industry. We do so with the intention to promote ‘dynamic behavioral fingerprinting’.Survey results show, that sub-sectors of this industry are driven to adopt environmental ICCs to a different level. Responses range from compliance-oriented (Slaughterhouses & meat sub-sector) to market-oriented (Bakery and biscuits sub-sector). Knowledge of key drivers and their impact offers opportunities to adjust the environmental policy and instruments to sub-sector specifics so that its effectiveness is improved. We therefore propose ‘dynamic behavioral fingerprinting’: mapping “typical” patterns of managerial response towards environmental issues, in order to improve the effectiveness of public–private interaction and cooperation.     

To kill or not to kill—Practitioners’ opinions on invasive alien species management as a step towards enhancing control of biological invasions

The spread of invasive alien species (IAS) has become an increasingly important environmental, social and economic issue in almost all regions of the world. To have the capacity to effectively counter the effects of invasions, besides basic research on invasion processes and the ecological impacts of IAS, there is a need to get an information and better understanding of the effectiveness of biological control and its social acceptability. Conservation practitioners are a particular group of stakeholders as they act in the first line to undertake control actions again IAS spread. Yet, not many research was done to deliver quantitative, comprehensive information on practitioners’ knowledge and attitudes towards IAS. In this paper, we present a study from Poland—a country with relatively well preserved nature, yet currently facing the problem of biological invasions in the terrestrial and aquatic environments. We investigated nature conservation practitioners’ knowledge of biological invasions, their views on the principles and methods of IAS control, and their degree of acceptance of control methods. We conducted a survey among people professionally involved in nature conservation in Poland and collected 916 questionnaires (out of 3330 sent). Overall, we find that conservation practitioners in Poland accept the use of radical methods of control, yet they differ about the use of various types of control method, and about the various control methods application to various systematic groups. Also, the level of practitioners’ knowledge is rather limited—both in relation to correct identification of IAS, as well as to knowledge on legal regulations. We also highlight significant differences between decision-makers and professionals not perceiving themselves as decisive over IAS management. We show examples suggesting that nature conservation practitioners may not hold well-formed opinions on the principles and methods of dealing with alien species. This is surely an important deficit to overcome to enhance the effectiveness of IAS control.     

国内外在线环境保护信息资源的获取与检索利用策略

通过访问国内外环境资源保护与相关法律方面的约200余家主要网站,根据最新在线环境保护信息资源的来源、内容、特点以及资源的权威性、可靠性及功用,对国内外环保管理部门、法律与法规、可持续发展、环境监测与监理中心、科研机构、生态保护、环境宣传等方面信息资源进行了收集、分析、筛选、整合、分类整理,将其分为十大类,选择有代表性的在线资源做一浅析,在重要网站的介绍上略有侧重,最后提供一些本人在实践中积累的关于在线环境保护信息资源检索利用策略与技巧,以供与环境保护打交道的各界专业人士以及广大公众朋友获取与利用.     

基于信息扩散模型的沣东新城区土壤重金属潜在生态风险评估

我国目前大规模的新区建设导致严峻的区域土壤重金属污染形势.以沣东新城为研究靶区,进行重金属含量特征描述性统计及克里金插值分析,进一步结合潜在生态风险指数与信息扩散理论,构建基于风险评估的信息扩散模型,探讨了Pb、Cu、Cd和Hg的污染程度、污染风险及风险发生概率.结果表明,研究区内4种土壤重金属的含量均值远超土壤重金属背景值,分别是背景值的1.943（Pb）、1.419（Cu）、3.074（Cd）和3.567（Hg）倍,且重金属分布受人为干扰较大呈强变异性（CV>65%）.其中,Pb和Cu污染分布主要受到工业生产与建设用地开发的影响,工业活动、农业活动及交通运输是主要的Cd污染源,而工业建设是造成Hg污染的主要因素.重金属潜在生态风险指数平均值分别为9.716（Pb）、7.095（Cu）、92.292（Cd）和142.469（Hg）,区域综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）均值为251.573,表明区域整体处于较高的潜在生态风险状态.区域Pb和Cu整体处于轻度潜在生态风险,而Cd和Hg以中风险与较高风险为主,表明Cd和Hg是区域重金属污染的主导因素.信息扩散潜在生态风险模型评估结果显示,区域综合潜在生态风险各等级的概率排序为：较高（38.98%）>中度（38.55%）>高（5.89%）>轻微（5.15%）>极高（3.56%）,Cd、Hg元素各潜在生态风险等级的超越概率远大于Pb和Cu,Hg元素各污染等级的超越概率分别为轻微（94.89%）、中度（66.85%）、较高（23.62%）、高（3.9%）和极高（2%）,其中仅轻微等级的超越概率小于Cd.潜在生态风险等级的污染概率预测误差均小于5%,体现了基于风险评估的信息扩散模型的可靠性.研究结果可为样本受限地区的土壤重金属潜在生态风险监测与管控提供技术借鉴与支持.     

Life cycle assessment of ACQ-treated lumber with comparison to wood plastic composite decking

A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment was done to identify the environmental impacts related to alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ)-treated lumber used for decking and to determine how the impacts compare to the primary alternative product, wood plastic composite (WPC) decking. A model of ACQ-treated lumber life cycle stages was created and used to calculate inputs and outputs during the lumber production, treating, use, and disposal stages. Lumber production data are based on published sources. Primary wood preservative treatment data were obtained by surveying wood treatment facilities in the United States. Product use and disposal inventory data are based on published data and professional judgment. Life cycle inventory inputs, outputs, and impact indicators for ACQ-treated lumber were quantified using functional units of 1000 board feet and per representative deck (assumed to be 320 square feet (30 square meters) of surface decking material) per year of use. In a similar manner, an inventory model was developed for the manufacture, use, and disposal of the primary alternative product, WPC. Impact indicator values, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, fossil fuel use, water use, acidification, smog forming potential, ecological toxicity, and eutrophication were quantified for each of the two decking products. National normalization was done to compare the significance of a representative deck surface per year of use to a family’s total annual impact footprint.If an average U.S. family adds or replaces a deck surfaced with ACQ-treated lumber, their impact “footprint” for GHG emissions, fossil fuel use, acidification, smog forming potential, ecological toxicity, and eutrophication releases each is less than one-tenth of a percent of the family’s annual impact. ACQ-treated lumber impacts were fourteen times less for fossil fuel use, almost three times less for GHG emissions, potential smog emissions, and water use, four times less for acidification, and almost half for ecological toxicity than those for WPC decking. Impacts were approximately equal for eutrophication.