生物膜法处理地表水研究与应用进展

介绍了目前中国地表水的污染概况,指出地表水污染情况依然不容乐观,主要污染指标为总氮和总磷,修复受污染地表水的主要方法为生物法,论述了生物技术中的生物膜法处理地表水的原理,总结并分析了国内外相关生物膜法处理技术及其优缺点,并列举了相关应用实例,最后根据国外河道整治的发展历程,对该技术的发展趋势作了展望,因生物膜-生态联合治理技术综合了生态系统方法及生物净化技术的优点,认为生物膜-生态联合治理技术将是今后地表水处理技术发展的一大趋势。     

农村河道微生态系统构建及原位修复底泥

我国农村河道底泥氮磷元素蓄积严重,物化修复技术存在污染物去除不彻底、易破坏水生生态系统等问题。采用生物生态修复技术不仅能抑制底泥污染释放,还能恢复水生生态系统,强化水体自净功能。构建了由"玉米秸秆生物炭固定化脱氮菌-苦草/伊乐藻-中华田园螺"组合的泥水界面复合微生态系统,并探究了该系统对底泥和上覆水中污染物的去除效果及对底泥微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:复合微生态系统能有效降低底泥中的氮磷污染,运行62 d后底泥OM、TN和TP去除率分别为85.41%、77.40%和54.98%,可将OM、TN、TP严重污染水平的底泥分别修复至轻度污染、中度污染和清洁水平;同时微生态系统对上覆水氮素具有较好的去除效果,上覆水NH₄+-N、TN浓度均达到GB 3838—2018《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水标准。微生态系统的构建提高了河道底泥系统中的生物多样性,底泥污染的Chloroflexi （绿弯菌门）相对丰度降低,具有降解污染物能力的Proteobacteria （变形菌门）相对丰度提高。     

济南市北沙河水环境综合整治研究

通过对济南市北沙河污染与生态破坏的原因进行分析,在将北沙河流域作为一个生态系统进行考虑的基础上,通过对北沙河林木生态系统、地下水和地表水的水质保护、地表水强烈渗漏、补给地下水功能以及河岸带湿地保护措施,提出了实施北沙河水环境综合整治,实现水体水质良好、生态功能完善的方案.     

西南某工矿污染区生态修复工程案例研究

工矿废弃地作为一种退化的生态系统,其环境介质受到污染且生态功能丧失。通过对西南某工矿污染区调查,根据其污染特征,采用区域分异的原则针对性地对矿渣堆积地和污染农田进行修复,调控生态因子如土壤养分、水分及微生物总数等,同时联合运用化学钝化及植物修复技术及农艺措施进行生态修复。结果显示:各工程措施实施之后,污染农田土壤中重金属稳定效果明显,场地中种植的农作物玉米、高粱所含重金属均达到食品安全标准。整个工程运用生态修复原理及原则,成功将一个退化的生态系统改造成农业生态系统,恢复了废弃地的生态功能。该设计及修复经验对于工矿废弃生态修复工程建设具有一定的参考意义。     

矿区地表水环境损害评估研究及案例应用

研究构建了矿区地表水环境损害评估的基本框架,明确了环境损害评估方法的优先序,并通过矿区典型案例对评估体系进行验证,分析了评估结论对于贴现率、贴现基准年等参数的敏感性。结论如下:矿区地表水环境损害可以分为水资源损害与水生生态系统服务功能损害两部分。由于重金属污染造成的水资源损害具有持久性,采用人工修复措施难以将其恢复至基线水平,且难以找到质量可比、价值可比的水资源进行补偿性修复,因此适于采用纯货币化的环境价值评估方法来量化损害。对于矿区地表水水生生态系统服务功能的损害,若可以找到与被损害水域具有相似生境而且没有被重金属污染的水域,可以通过补偿性修复措施提升水生生态系统服务功能,则优先采用等值分析法进行损害评估。通过敏感性分析,研究认为使用等值分析法时,采用较高的贴现率更能体现受损环境的价值。另外若采用等值分析法评估环境损害,建议采取将恢复方案纳入地方发展规划、建立修复监督实施机制和责任机制等方式,确保受损环境的恢复行动真正落实。     

强化土壤生态系统净化机能的研究进展

本文综述了充分利用和强化土壤生态系统经机能的研究进展，提出了以强化土壤生态系统的反硝化作用为根本措施，以及根据土壤的环境容量严格控制污水污泥和化肥用用量等对策措施，以防治对地表水和地下水的污染。     

实验条件下生态修复过程中微型生物群落演替研究

在实验室恒流－－修复微生态系统中，通过健康水体来对武汉东湖污染程度不同的水体进行持续替换，以模拟受不同程度污染胁迫的自然水体恢复过程，其间定期测定微型生物群落的中结构和功能参数，通过其变动机制和规律，再现修复过程中微型生物群落的演替过程，并从生态学角度提出了东湖5个受到不同程度污染水体得到修复的换水库。     

厌氧颗粒污泥反应器修复模拟受PCP污染地表水的性能研究

研究了用于修复模拟受ＰＣＰ污染地表水的厌氧颗粒污泥反应器降解ＰＣＰ活性的维持条件和修复性能．结果表明，降解ＰＣＰ活性可通过连续提供电子供体和选择压力来维持，操作条件为ＣＯＤ进水／ＰＣＰ进水＞３０，此时反应器具有稳定的ＰＣＰ去除和产甲烷性能；颗粒污泥反应器修复受ＰＣＰ污染地表水的性能与过程稳定性受电子供体类型、数量的影响．当ＣＯＤ／ＰＣＰ＞１５０—２００，ＨＲＴ为０５ｄ时，含ＰＣＰ１２９１ｍｇ／Ｌ的模拟受污地表水经厌氧反应器修复后，其ＰＣＰ浓度可低于１ＰＰｂ，生物毒性明显降低．     

华北稻田灌溉水多级表面流强化人工湿地工程系统设计研究

以河北曹妃甸水稻田为研究对象,分析测定灌溉水样中SS、COD和氨氮的含量并依据有关国家标准确定其污染程度。根据当地农业生产条件、工程地质与农田环境特点及不同治理方案的经济技术可行性,选用由工程保障和植物生态系统构成的多级表面流强化人工湿地系统修复灌溉水有机污染,并对其修复效果进行量化评价。结果表明:研究区内稻田灌溉水SS、COD、NH3-N 3种污染物的浓度削减率依次为76.17%、60.02%、55.08%,出水达到农田灌溉水质标准和地表水Ⅴ类水质要求。人工湿地系统的建立不仅改善灌溉水水质,保证农产品质量,还有效恢复了湿地的生态功能,实现环境与经济效益的统一。     

微生物固定化技术对地表水油类污染物的修复

地表水中油污染日益严重,由于油污染地表水的特殊性,常规修复技术难以发挥高效作用。微生物固定化技术是一门新兴生物技术,与传统的微生物修复技术相比具有生物密度高、耐毒性等优点。鉴于微生物固定化技术的特点及在废水处理中的应用,对当前地表水油污染具有大面积、低浓度的特点,微生物固定化技术修复具有特殊技术优势和广阔的应用前景。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.