污泥堆肥处理过程中氧气消耗的动态变化与分布特征

对城市污水污泥、粪渣污泥和造纸污泥进行好氧堆肥试验,以研究不同物料堆肥过程中氧气消耗的动态变化、分布特征及其差异.结果表明.不同污泥堆肥时,耗氧速率和温度具有相似的动态变化阶段.在堆体刚进入高温阶段时,耗氧速率不断升高并达到峰值,之后则逐渐减小并趋于稳定,堆肥结束时的耗氧速率只相当于最大值的1/3～1/15.物料组成影响升温速率,耗氧速率的最大值及达到最大值的时间.有机物含量高时,堆体温度上升快、维持持续高温的时间长.堆体各部位耗氧速率存在差异;中间部位的耗氧速率始终较高,在升温期,上层的耗氧速率略高于下层,此后下层的耗氧速率高于上层.堆体上层和下层的氧气含量在堆肥过程中波动较小(>18%),而中间部位的氧气含量波动较大,在高温阶段其含量较低(约12%).使用无机调理剂(CTB调理剂)时,耗氧速率明显小于使用有机调理剂的处理,供氧所需的通风量减少35.9%;堆体升温较慢,温度变化较平缓.根据研究结果提出了优化通风控制的建议.     

堆肥处理过程中猪粪有机物的动态变化特征

为了解猪粪堆肥过程中各种有机物的变化特征,并为判断猪粪堆肥腐熟度提供参考指标,进行42d的高温好氧堆肥.结果表明,堆体中的有机质含量呈下降趋势;水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量在第10d达到最大值,之后呈下降趋势;易分解有机质含量呈下降趋势,但在高温开始阶段呈上升趋势;腐殖质含量呈上升趋势.说明堆肥过程中有机物不断向腐殖化方向转化.在研究H/F变化时发现,它与判断堆肥腐熟度常用的化学指标(有机质、DOC)呈一定的相关性,而且与易分解有机质和腐殖质也有较好的相关性.     

全程高温好氧堆肥快速降解城市生活垃圾

为了提高堆肥处理城市生活垃圾（MSW）的速率和质量,设计了一种外加热源的全程高温好氧堆肥工艺.实验以全程高温好氧堆肥和传统好氧堆肥两种方法对MSW进行了60d的堆肥处理.同时,监测了堆肥的pH和温度等参数的变化情况,并以C/N、种子发芽率(GI)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、比好氧速率(SOUR)和脱氢酶（DH-ase）活性为指标评价了堆肥的腐熟度和质量.结果表明,全程高温堆肥法和传统堆肥法的堆肥周期分别为16d和28d,两种方法得到的产品其pH值均在7左右.在第31d将全程高温堆肥产品置于30℃恒温箱时,其理化性质没有出现明显波动,说明其堆肥产品性质稳定.因此,全程高温好氧堆肥法能明显缩短堆肥周期、提高堆肥质量,具有很大的应用潜力.     

微生物复合菌剂对污泥好氧堆肥过程的影响

研究了黄孢原毛平革菌与枯草芽孢杆菌复合菌剂在剩余污泥静态强制通风好氧堆肥中的作用.结果表明,根据堆肥过程中的温度(0~5d为中温阶段,6~12d为高温阶段,16~28d为腐熟阶段)变化,复合菌剂的变化导致堆体细菌数量明显高于空白堆体,且堆体中的嗜热真菌在高温期显著增多,促进了有机物的降解,加速了堆体的腐熟.试验组萝卜种子发芽指数(GI)相对空白组提前3d达到了50%,表明复合菌剂的加入迅速地降低了堆体的生物毒性,但由于相对浓缩效应使得堆肥产品Cd含量略有增加.     

城市生活垃圾堆肥发酵的腐熟度研究

堆肥是处理城市生活垃圾的有效方法之一。通过对包括COD、VM、淀粉、纤维素、碳氮比和温度、水份、耗氧速率等8个堆肥过程控制指标的综合研究,提出:耗氧速率是一个合理可行,易于工程上应用的堆肥腐熟度指标。当堆肥达到腐熟时,其耗氧速率为0.02～0.1△O_2％/min。其值的变化,与堆肥有机物含量有关。     

不同四环素浓度对好氧堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥过程影响的对比研究

好氧堆肥及蚯蚓堆肥是对畜禽粪便进行肥料化处置的有效方式,但畜禽粪便中残留的不同浓度四环素对二者堆肥过程的影响是否相同却并不清楚.因此,将不同浓度(5、25、125 mg·kg^-1)的四环素添加到牛粪-秸秆物料中,对比了好氧堆肥与蚯蚓堆肥堆制过程中堆体腐熟度指标的变化、堆肥产品养分含量的区别以及堆肥产品中四环素去除效率的差异,以期为不同浓度四环素的畜禽粪便肥料化提供适宜的处置方法 .研究结果显示,高浓度(125 mg·kg^-1)四环素添加延缓了好氧堆肥的升温进程,但与低浓度(5、25 mg·kg^-1)四环素添加处理相比并未显著影响堆体的腐熟度指标、堆肥产品总养分含量及速效养分含量.高浓度(125 mg·kg^-1)四环素添加导致了蚯蚓堆肥中蚯蚓密度和生物量的显著下降,并导致蚯蚓堆肥无法正常启动.在蚯蚓堆肥中,低浓度(5、25 mg·kg^-1)四环素添加处理之间在堆体的腐熟度指标,堆肥产品总养分含量及速效养分含量方面无显著差异.好氧堆肥对畜禽粪便中四环素的去除率可达90%以上,显著高...     

土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对相关参数的影响

为了探明四环素类抗生素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对鸡粪好氧堆肥过程参数的影响,采用室内好氧堆肥法,以土霉素为四环素类抗生素模式化合物,研究了鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中,不同起始浓度土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的降解及其对堆体温度、pH、发芽指数等指标的影响.结果表明:①土霉素在鸡粪堆肥初期(0～10 d)降解较快,随后逐渐减缓.在堆肥开始0～10 d内,添加浓度为25 mg·kg-1处理组土霉素降解最快,去除率达67.43%;添加浓度为75 mg·kg-1处理组土霉素降解最慢,去除率仅为45.91%.土霉素在各堆肥处理中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,其相关系数介于0.911 1～0.991 3.②土霉素对鸡粪堆肥过程具有一定的影响.土霉素处理在一定程度上降低了鸡粪堆肥堆体温度升高的速率,缩短了堆肥高温期的时间.③高浓度(100 mg·kg-1)土霉素处理对鸡粪堆肥过程中pH等指标是有影响的,堆肥第42 d时,堆体pH较对照增加4.58%;堆体TN、WSC分别较对照增加12.62%和49.06%;堆体NH4+-N较对照增加35.30%.④土霉素能够在一定程度上降低鸡粪堆肥堆体的腐熟度.当土霉素初始添加浓度低于50 mg·kg-1时,对腐熟度没有太大影响,而当土霉素初始浓度>50mg·kg-1可以显著降低鸡粪堆肥产品的腐熟度,主要表现为NH4+-N/NO3--N>0.5,GI<80%.结果表明,尽管土霉素在鸡粪好氧堆肥中可以快速降解,半衰期仅为1.79～4.88 d,但当鸡粪中土霉素浓度高于50 mg·kg-1即会抑制堆肥过程的顺利进行.     

不同调理剂对有机垃圾好氧堆肥效果的影响

分别以锯末、玉米芯、麦麸、稻壳和堆肥腐熟物作为调理剂,与水果、蔬菜垃圾进行好氧堆肥试验,分析了各处理堆肥过程中的温度、含水率、有机质、p H值、EC、全氮和GI的变化情况。结果表明:各处理组的含水率和有机质总体上呈下降的规律,且堆肥结束时EC都在适宜范围内,堆肥腐熟物处理的有机质下降最高,且全氮含量有所升高;其中,麦麸处理的堆肥升温最快,高温持续时间最长,种子发芽率也最高。综合来看,在本研究范围内,麦麸为水果蔬菜有机垃圾堆肥的最适宜调理剂。     

供氧方式及供氧量对堆肥发酵进程的影响

对于麦秸、牛粪和鸡粪为原料的堆肥系统,通过翻堆和强制通气实现微好氧和好氧处理,测定了各种发酵参数的变化.结果表明,微好氧处理堆体内氧浓度始终小于1.5%,而通气处理堆体的氧浓度始终在4%以上;微好氧处理50℃以上高温期为23d,比通气处理多6d,而通气虽然高温期短但后期温度下降慢;微好氧处理的半纤维素含量从发酵开始时的13.86%下降到堆肥结束时的7.99%,纤维素含量由21.45%下降到16.07%,而通气处理最终半纤维素含量为8.50%,纤维素含量由21.45%下降到18.02%;从各种成分的下降曲线看,微好氧处理为一次下降,而通气处理基本为缓慢的2峰曲线.从硝酸根浓度、温度和C/N综合评价产物的腐熟度,微好氧处理进入腐熟约经35d,而通气处理经45～50d才进入腐熟.富集培养堆肥样品的试验证明0.01～0.05mg/L的微好氧和50～60℃高温是纤维素分解的最适宜条件.     

餐厨垃圾与水葫芦联合好氧堆肥生物质组分分类表征

为解决农村生活垃圾处理实践中存在的问题,并对水葫芦的堆肥化处理进行探索.利用自行设计的能量输入式高温好氧堆肥系统,以农村生活垃圾主要组成——餐厨垃圾及餐厨垃圾+水葫芦混合物料为堆肥化对象,测定与分析了堆肥化过程中温度、有机质的变化规律,并分类表征了总糖、还原糖、淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质5种生物质组分的演变趋势.同时,借助C/N比值、CEC/TOC比值的变化及GI指数评估了堆肥的腐熟度.研究表明,在外界环境温度小于8℃的情况下,与单一餐厨垃圾堆肥化处理相比,混合物料堆肥化升温更快(ld即达40℃,3d达52℃),处于高温堆肥化时间更长(8 d),堆肥无害化程度更高,有机质降解更迅速且降解程度高;而且,混合物料有助于提高总糖、还原糖、淀粉、脂肪与蛋白质5种生物质组分的降解水平.腐熟度评估结果表明,在约11d的堆肥化时间内,能量输入式好氧堆肥系统能够使单一餐厨垃圾堆肥达到基本腐熟,餐厨垃圾与水葫芦混合物堆肥达到完全腐熟.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.